两个重要极限
(1)
lim θ → 0 sin θ θ = 1 ( θ 为弧度) \underset{\theta \rightarrow 0}{\lim}\frac{\sin \theta}{\theta}=1\ \ \text{(}\theta \text{为弧度)} θ→0limθsinθ=1 (θ为弧度)
(2)
lim x → ∞ ( 1 + 1 x ) x = e \underset{x\rightarrow \infty}{\lim}\left( 1+\frac{1}{x} \right) ^x=e x→∞lim(1+x1)x=e
推导
(1)
如图所示,在单位圆上
当
θ
\theta
θ变得很小时有
根据原理“short pieces of curves are nearly straight(极短的曲线几乎可以看做直线)”
所以当
θ
\theta
θ越来越小时,弯曲的那段会趋于一条直线,可以认为
θ
≈
sin
θ
\theta \approx \sin\theta
θ≈sinθ
即当
θ
→
0
\theta \to 0
θ→0时,可以认为
sin
θ
θ
→
1
\frac{\sin\theta}{\theta}\to 1
θsinθ→1
(2)
先求
lim
x
→
∞
ln
[
(
1
+
1
x
)
x
]
\underset{x\rightarrow \infty}{\lim}\ln \left[ \left( 1+\frac{1}{x} \right) ^x \right]
x→∞limln[(1+x1)x]
ln
[
(
1
+
1
x
)
x
]
=
x
ln
(
1
+
1
x
)
=
ln
(
1
+
1
x
)
1
x
=
t
=
1
x
ln
(
1
+
t
)
t
\ln \left[ \left( 1+\frac{1}{x} \right) ^x \right] =x\ln \left( 1+\frac{1}{x} \right) =\frac{\ln \left( 1+\frac{1}{x} \right)}{\frac{1}{x}}\xlongequal{t=\frac{1}{x}}\frac{\ln \left( 1+t \right)}{t}
ln[(1+x1)x]=xln(1+x1)=x1ln(1+x1)t=x1tln(1+t)
由于
ln
1
=
0
\ln 1=0
ln1=0
ln
[
(
1
+
1
x
)
x
]
=
ln
(
1
+
t
)
−
ln
(
1
)
t
\ln \left[ \left( 1+\frac{1}{x} \right) ^x \right] =\frac{\ln \left( 1+t \right) -\ln \left( 1 \right)}{t}
ln[(1+x1)x]=tln(1+t)−ln(1)
当
x
→
∞
x \to \infty
x→∞ 时,有
t
=
1
x
→
0
t=\frac{1}{x}\to 0
t=x1→0
lim
t
→
0
ln
(
1
+
t
)
−
ln
(
1
)
t
=
d
d
x
ln
(
x
)
∣
x
=
1
=
1
\underset{t\rightarrow 0}{\lim}\frac{\ln \left( 1+t \right) -\ln \left( 1 \right)}{t}=\left. \frac{d}{dx}\ln \left( x \right) \right|_{x=1}=1
t→0limtln(1+t)−ln(1)=dxdln(x)∣∣∣∣x=1=1
即
lim
x
→
∞
ln
[
(
1
+
1
x
)
x
]
=
1
\underset{x\rightarrow \infty}{\lim}\ln \left[ \left( 1+\frac{1}{x} \right) ^x \right]=1
x→∞limln[(1+x1)x]=1
即
lim
x
→
∞
e
ln
[
(
1
+
1
x
)
x
]
=
e
\underset{x\rightarrow \infty}{\lim}e^{\ln \left[ \left( 1+\frac{1}{x} \right) ^x \right]}=e
x→∞limeln[(1+x1)x]=e
即
lim
x
→
∞
(
1
+
1
x
)
x
=
e
\underset{x\rightarrow \infty}{\lim}\left( 1+\frac{1}{x} \right) ^x=e
x→∞lim(1+x1)x=e