12.C++静态变量、静态方法、常对象和常方法

1.静态变量是所有对象共享的，静态方法只能访问访问静态对象，成员方法可以调用静态方法

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Bank
{
private:
    const char* name;
    double money;
public:
    Bank(const char* name, double money = 0.01) :name(name), money(money) { accountSum++; };
    ~Bank() { accountSum--; };

private:
    static int accountSum;//static变量，所有对象共享，内存中只有一份
    static float interestRate;//static变量，所有对象共享，内存中只有一份
public:
    //等价于void show(Bank* const this)
    void show() {
        cout << name << " " << money << endl;
        print();//成员方法可以调用静态方法，反过来不行，因为静态方法没有this指针
    }
    static void print() {//静态函数只能访问静态成员，因为没有this指针
        cout << accountSum << " " << interestRate << endl;
    }
};
int Bank::accountSum = 0;//静态成员不属于任何一个类，他的初始化在类之外
float Bank::interestRate = 3.1415;//静态成员不属于任何一个类，他的初始化在类之外

int main()
{
    Bank account("zhangsan");
    account.show();
    return 0;
}

常对象只能调用常方法，常方法不能修改成员数据 

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Bank
{
private:
    int ID;
    const char* name;
    double money;
public:
    Bank(int ID,const char* name, double money = 0.01) :ID(ID),name(name), money(money) {};
    Bank(const Bank& account);
    ~Bank() {};
public:
    //等价于double withdraw(Bank* const this,double money)
    double withdraw(double money);//取款
    //double deposit(double money);//存款
    double transfer(double money);//转账
    //等价于double withdraw(const Bank* const this,double money);
    double withdraw(double money) const;
    //double deposit(double money) const;
};
//Bank::Bank(Bank* const this,const Bank& account)
Bank::Bank(const Bank& account)//此处account是常对象
{
    this->ID = account.ID;
    this->name = account.name;
    //this.money = account.transfer(100);
    //此处我想调用转账，是不行的，因为account是常对象，他只能调用常方法
    this->money = account.withdraw(100);
}
//等价于double Bank::withdraw(Bank* const this,double money)
double Bank::withdraw(double money)
{
    this->money = this->money - money;
    return money;
}

//等价于double Bank::withdraw(const Bank* const this,double money);
double Bank::withdraw(double money) const
{
    //this->money = this->money - money;//这会报错，常对象只能调用常方法
    //常方法的出现就是为了避免修改自己的数据成员，因为常量对象，如果能修改就和自身定义矛盾了
    return money;
}

int main()
{
    Bank accountA(342548,"zhangsan");
    Bank accountB(accountA);
    return 0;
}