C++面向对象编程 多态
1.理解多态
（一）多态的概念
1、根据实际的对象类型决定函数调用的具体目标；
2、同样的调用语句在实际运行时有多种不同的表现形态体现，这就是多态，同一语句具有多种形态。函数的重载、运算符的重载都是多态现象。
3.在C++中，多态性表现形式之一是：具有不同功能的函数可以用同一个函数名，这样就可以实现用一个函数名调用不同内容的函数。
4.从系统实现的角度来看，多态性分为两类：静多态性和动多态性，静多态性是通过函数重载实现的，动多态性是通过虚函数实现的。
（二）虚函数概念
C++中的虚函数就是用来解决动态多态问题的，所谓虚函数，就是在基类声明函数是虚拟的，并不是实际存在的，然后在派生类中才正式定义此函数，在程序运行期间，用指针指向某一派生类对象，这样就能调用指针指向的派生类对象中的函数，而不对调用其他派生类中的函数。
（三）多态的意义
1、在程序运行中展现出动态的特性；
2、函数重写必须多态实现，否则没有任何意义；
3、多态是面向对象组件化程序设计的基础特性。
2.编程加深对多态的理解
（一）一般多态性
新建CAnimal类，Move()是其内部虚函数，新建CCat类、CEagle类、COwl类继承CAnimal类，并重写其内部的函数Move()的实现方法以实现多态的效果。
代码：
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class CAnimal
{
public:
CAnimal() {
m_nLegs = 8;
}
CAnimal(int nLeg) {
m_nLegs = nLeg;
}
void Move() {
cout << "animal has many legs" << endl;
};
protected:
int m_nLegs;
};
class CCat : virtual public CAnimal {
public:
CCat() {
m_nLegs = 4;
}
CCat(int nLegs) {
m_nLegs = nLegs;
}
void Move() {
cout << "cat has four legs" << endl;
};
};
class CEagle :virtual public CAnimal {
public:
CEagle() {
m_nLegs = 2;
}
CEagle(int nLegs) {
m_nLegs = nLegs;
}
void Move() {
cout << "eagle has two legs" << endl;
};
};
class COwl : public CCat, public CEagle
{
public:
//无参构造函数
COwl() {
m_nLegs = 2;
}
COwl(int nLegs) {
m_nLegs = nLegs;
}
void Move() {
cout << "owl has two legs" << endl;
}
};
void TestAnimal() {
CAnimal* Animal[4];
Animal[0] = new CAnimal;
Animal[1] = new CCat;
Animal[2] = new CEagle;
Animal[3] = new COwl;
for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
Animal[i]->Move();
}
}
int main()
{
TestAnimal();
return 0;
}
实验截图：
可以看到输出全部一样。
（二）特殊多态性函数
输入或输出参数在子类中是父类的指针或基类的引用，在子类中对于的是子类的指针或子类的引用
代码：
void callMove(CAnimal* a) {
a->Move();
}
void TestAnimal()
{
CAnimal animal;
CCat cat;
CEagle eagle;
COwl owl;
callMove(&animal);
callMove(&cat);
callMove(&eagle);
callMove(&owl);
}
int main()
{
TestAnimal();
return 0;
}
运行截图：
可以看到Move函数输出的都是一样的。
为了让每个子类能够输出自己类中重写的函数Move,则我们只需要在每个子类的父类Move 函数前加上virtual。即让父类的Move函数变为虚函数，告诉编译器它是虚函数，要进行晚绑定。
更改后的运行截图：
（三）析构函数的多态性
代码：
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base {
public:
Base() { cout << "Base constructor... \n"; }
~Base() { cout << "Base destructor... \n"; }
virtual void fun() const { cout << "Base functoin...\n"; }
};
class Derived :public Base {
public:
Derived() {
p = new int(0);
cout << "Derived Constructor...\n";
}
~Derived() {
cout << "Derived destructor...\n";
delete p;
}
void fun() const { cout << "Derived function...\n"; }
private:
int* p;
};
int main() {
Base* pd = new Derived;
pd->fun();
delete pd;
return 0;
}
运行截图：
可以看到当指向基类的指针被释放时，派生类的析构函数其实没有被调用，造成在派生类中申请的空间没有被释放，从而导致内存泄漏。
为了防止在实际应用中造成这种情况，我们只需要将上述代码中的 ~Base() { cout << "Mammal destructor... \n";前面添上virtual，即通过将基类的析构函数声明为虚析构函数，成功的通过基类指针调用了派生类的析构函数，完成了内存的释放。
更改后的运行截图：
（四）多继承
c++不仅可以单继承，也可以多继承。一个类有多个基类，那么这种继承关系就叫做多继承。
多继承的声明：
class 派生类名:访问控制 基类名1， 访问控制 基类名2， …
{
成员列表
}
使用多继承会带来哪些问题
多继承比单继承复杂，也更容易出现问题。
多继承的两个主要问题是：
①从两个不同的基类，继承同名方法
②从多个基类间接继承同一个类的多个实例
class A
{
public:
int a;
};
class B1 : public A
{
public:
int b1;
};
class B2 : public A
{
public:
int b2;
};
class C :public B1, public B2
{
public:
void fun()
{
int i = a;
}
};
可以看到若B1、B2不虚继承会报错，因为多继承原因，C同时继承B1，B2，而B1、B2的基类又相同，则程序不知道是a是B1的还是B2的，此时只需要让B1，B2都虚继承A即可解决问题。
（五）多继承实例
设计矢量图，运用多继承设计组合图形，要求具备创建不同类型矢量图、选择图形、移动图形、用不同颜色显示图形（表示选中与否），用vector或数组管理图形。
CShape.h
#ifndef CSHAPE_H
#define CSHAPE_H
#include<string>
#include<math.h>
using namespace std;
class CPoint;
class CRect;
class CShape
{
public:
CShape();
CShape(const CShape& shape);
virtual ~CShape();
virtual double GetArea() const;
virtual bool ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const;
virtual bool InRect(const CRect& rc) const;
virtual void Draw() const;
virtual void DrawColor();
virtual CShape* Clone() const;
virtual CShape& Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY);
protected:
string m_sName;
};
class CPoint :public CShape {
public:
int m_nPosX;
int m_nPosY;
CPoint() {
m_nPosX = 0;
m_nPosY = 0;
}
CPoint(int nPosX, int nPosY);
CPoint(const CPoint& pt);
virtual ~CPoint();
double GetArea() const;
bool ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const;
bool InRect(const CRect& rc) const;
void Draw() const;
void DrawColor();
CPoint* Clone() const;
CPoint& Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY);
};
class CTriangle :virtual public CShape {
public:
CTriangle() {}
CTriangle(const CPoint& pt1, const CPoint& pt2, const CPoint& pt3);
CTriangle(const CTriangle& rc);
CTriangle(const CPoint& pt);
virtual ~CTriangle();
double GetArea() const;
bool ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const;
bool InRect(const CRect& rc) const;
void Draw() const;
void DrawColor();
CShape* Clone() const;
CShape& Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY);
CPoint m_pts[3];
};
class CRect :virtual public CShape {
public:
CRect() {}
CRect(CPoint pt1, CPoint pt2);
CRect(const CRect& rc);
CRect(CPoint pt1);
virtual ~CRect();
double GetArea() const;
bool ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const;
bool InRect(const CRect& rc) const;
void Draw() const;
void DrawColor();
CShape* Clone() const;
CShape& Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY);
CPoint m_ptLT;
CPoint m_ptBR;
};
class Comgraphics :public CRect, public CTriangle {
public:
Comgraphics(const CRect& pt1);
Comgraphics(const Comgraphics& rc);
Comgraphics(const CPoint pt1);
virtual ~Comgraphics();
double GetArea() const;
bool ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const;
bool InRect(const CRect& rc) const;
void Draw() const;
void DrawColor();
CShape* Clone() const;
CShape& Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY);
CPoint m_pt1;
CPoint m_pt2;
};
#endif
CShape.cpp
#include "CShape.h"
#include "graphics.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//CShape
CShape::CShape()
{
}
CShape::CShape(const CShape& shape) {
m_sName = shape.m_sName;
}
CShape::~CShape()
{
}
double CShape::GetArea() const {
return 0;
}
bool CShape::ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const {
return false;
}
bool CShape::InRect(const CRect& rc) const {
return false;
}
void CShape::Draw() const
{
}
void CShape::DrawColor()
{
}
CShape* CShape::Clone() const {
return new CShape(*this);
}
CShape& CShape::Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY) {
return *this;
}
//CPoint
CPoint::CPoint(int nPosX, int nPosY) {
m_nPosX = nPosX;
m_nPosY = nPosY;
}
CPoint::CPoint(const CPoint& pt) {
m_nPosX = pt.m_nPosX;
m_nPosY = pt.m_nPosY;
}
CPoint::~CPoint() {
//cout << "CPoint::~CPoint()\n";
}
double CPoint::GetArea() const {
return 0;
}
bool CPoint::ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const {
return false;
}
bool CPoint::InRect(const CRect& rc) const {
return rc.ptIn(*this);
}
void CPoint::Draw() const {
circle(m_nPosX, m_nPosY, 2);
}
void CPoint::DrawColor()
{
}
CPoint* CPoint::Clone() const {
return new CPoint(*this);
}
CPoint& CPoint::Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY) {
m_nPosX += nOffsetX;
m_nPosY += nOffsetY;
return *this;
}
//CTriangle
CTriangle::CTriangle(const CTriangle& tri) {
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
m_pts[i] = tri.m_pts[i];
}
}
CTriangle::~CTriangle() {
//cout << "CTriangle::~CTriangle()\n";
}
CTriangle::CTriangle(const CPoint& pt1, const CPoint& pt2, const CPoint& pt3) {
m_pts[0] = pt1;
m_pts[1] = pt2;
m_pts[2] = pt3;
}
CTriangle::CTriangle(const CPoint& pt)
{
CPoint* pt1 = new CPoint(pt.m_nPosX + 100, pt.m_nPosY + 90);
CPoint* pt2 = new CPoint(pt.m_nPosX, pt.m_nPosY + 90);
m_pts[0] = pt;
m_pts[1] = *pt1;
m_pts[2] = *pt2;
}
CShape& CTriangle::Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY) {
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
m_pts[i].Move(nOffsetX, nOffsetY);
}
return *this;
}
double CTriangle::GetArea() const {
int x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3;
x1 = m_pts[0].m_nPosX;
y1 = m_pts[0].m_nPosY;
x2 = m_pts[1].m_nPosX;
y2 = m_pts[1].m_nPosY;
x3 = m_pts[2].m_nPosX;
y3 = m_pts[2].m_nPosY;
double bottomLine = sqrt(pow(x1 - x2, 2) + pow(y1 - y2, 2));
double verticalLine1 = abs((y1 - y2) * x3 - (x1 - x2) * y3 + (x1 - x2) * y2 - (y1 - y2) * x2);
double verticalLine2 = sqrt(pow(y1 - y2, 2) + pow(x1 - x2, 2));
double verticalLine = verticalLine1 / verticalLine2;
return (verticalLine * bottomLine) / 2.0;
}
bool CTriangle::ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const {
CTriangle c1 = CTriangle(m_pts[0], m_pts[1], pt);
CTriangle c2 = CTriangle(m_pts[1], m_pts[2], pt);
CTriangle c3 = CTriangle(m_pts[2], m_pts[0], pt);
double totalArea = c1.GetArea() + c2.GetArea() + c3.GetArea();
if (totalArea == this->GetArea())
return true;
else
return false;
}
bool CTriangle::InRect(const CRect& rc) const {
return rc.ptIn(m_pts[0]) && rc.ptIn(m_pts[1]) && rc.ptIn(m_pts[2]);
}
void CTriangle::Draw() const {
int poly[8] = { m_pts[0].m_nPosX ,m_pts[0].m_nPosY,m_pts[1].m_nPosX,m_pts[1].m_nPosY,
m_pts[2].m_nPosX,m_pts[2].m_nPosY, m_pts[0].m_nPosX ,m_pts[0].m_nPosY };
setfillcolor(EGERGB(0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF));
fillpoly(4, poly);
}
void CTriangle::DrawColor() {
int poly[8] = { m_pts[0].m_nPosX ,m_pts[0].m_nPosY,m_pts[1].m_nPosX,m_pts[1].m_nPosY,
m_pts[2].m_nPosX,m_pts[2].m_nPosY, m_pts[0].m_nPosX ,m_pts[0].m_nPosY };
setfillcolor(EGERGB(0xFF, 0xA5, 0x00));
fillpoly(4, poly);
}
CShape* CTriangle::Clone() const {
return new CTriangle(*this);
}
//CRect
CRect::CRect(CPoint pt1, CPoint pt2) {
m_ptLT = CPoint(min(pt1.m_nPosX, pt2.m_nPosX), min(pt1.m_nPosY, pt2.m_nPosY));
m_ptBR = CPoint(max(pt1.m_nPosX, pt2.m_nPosX), max(pt1.m_nPosY, pt2.m_nPosY));
}
CRect::CRect(const CRect& rc) {
m_ptLT = rc.m_ptLT;
m_ptBR = rc.m_ptBR;
}
CRect::CRect(CPoint pt1)
{
m_ptLT = CPoint(pt1.m_nPosX, pt1.m_nPosY);
m_ptBR = CPoint(pt1.m_nPosX + 100, pt1.m_nPosY + 100);
}
CRect::~CRect() {
// cout << "CRect::CRect()\n";
}
double CRect::GetArea() const {
return (m_ptBR.m_nPosX - m_ptLT.m_nPosX) * (m_ptBR.m_nPosY - m_ptLT.m_nPosY);
}
bool CRect::ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const {
return (pt.m_nPosX >= m_ptLT.m_nPosX && pt.m_nPosX <= m_ptBR.m_nPosX) &&
(pt.m_nPosY >= m_ptLT.m_nPosY && pt.m_nPosY <= m_ptBR.m_nPosY);
}
bool CRect::InRect(const CRect& rc) const {
return rc.ptIn(m_ptLT) && rc.ptIn(m_ptBR);
}
void CRect::Draw() const {
// 存储n个顶点的x,y坐标
int pts[10] = { m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,
m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY };
// 绘制n个顶点的多边形，第一个参数必须要传入n+1，pts最后一个顶点坐标和第一个相同
//drawpoly(5, pts);
setfillcolor(EGERGB(0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF));
fillpoly(5, pts);
}
void CRect::DrawColor() {
int pts[10] = { m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,
m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY };
// 绘制n个顶点的多边形，第一个参数必须要传入n+1，pts最后一个顶点坐标和第一个相同
setfillcolor(EGERGB(0xFF, 0xA5, 0x00));
fillpoly(5, pts);
}
CShape* CRect::Clone() const {
return new CRect(*this);
}
CShape& CRect::Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY) {
m_ptLT.Move(nOffsetX, nOffsetY);
m_ptBR.Move(nOffsetX, nOffsetY);
return *this;
}
//Comgraphics
Comgraphics::Comgraphics(const CRect& pt1) {
m_pt1.m_nPosX = pt1.m_ptBR.m_nPosX;
m_pt1.m_nPosY = pt1.m_ptLT.m_nPosY + (pt1.m_ptBR.m_nPosY - pt1.m_ptLT.m_nPosY) / 2;
m_pt2.m_nPosX = pt1.m_ptLT.m_nPosX + (pt1.m_ptBR.m_nPosX - pt1.m_ptLT.m_nPosX) / 2;
m_pt2.m_nPosY = pt1.m_ptBR.m_nPosY;
m_ptLT = pt1.m_ptLT;
m_ptBR = pt1.m_ptBR;
}
Comgraphics::Comgraphics(const Comgraphics& rc) {
m_pt1 = rc.m_pt1;
m_pt2 = rc.m_pt2;
m_ptBR = rc.m_ptBR;
m_ptLT = rc.m_ptLT;
}
Comgraphics::Comgraphics(const CPoint pt1) {
m_ptLT = CPoint(pt1.m_nPosX, pt1.m_nPosY);
m_ptBR = CPoint(pt1.m_nPosX + 60, pt1.m_nPosY + 80);
}
Comgraphics::~Comgraphics() {
cout << "Comgraphics::~Comgraphics()" << endl;
}
double Comgraphics::GetArea() const {
return 0.0;
}
bool Comgraphics::ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const {
return (pt.m_nPosX >= m_ptLT.m_nPosX && pt.m_nPosX <= m_ptBR.m_nPosX) &&
(pt.m_nPosY >= m_ptLT.m_nPosY && pt.m_nPosY <= m_ptBR.m_nPosY);
}
bool Comgraphics::InRect(const CRect& rc) const const {
return rc.ptIn(m_ptLT) && rc.ptIn(m_ptBR);
}
void Comgraphics::Draw() const {
// 存储n个顶点的x,y坐标
int pts[10] = { m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,
m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY };
// 绘制n个顶点的多边形，第一个参数必须要传入n+1，pts最后一个顶点坐标和第一个相同
//drawpoly(5, pts);
setfillcolor(GREEN);
fillpoly(5, pts);
line(m_pt1.m_nPosX, m_pt1.m_nPosY, m_pt2.m_nPosX, m_pt2.m_nPosY);
line(m_ptLT.m_nPosX, m_ptLT.m_nPosY, m_pt2.m_nPosX, m_pt2.m_nPosY);
line(m_pt1.m_nPosX, m_pt1.m_nPosY, m_ptLT.m_nPosX, m_ptLT.m_nPosY);
}
void Comgraphics::DrawColor() {
// 存储n个顶点的x,y坐标
int pts[10] = { m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,
m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY };
// 绘制n个顶点的多边形，第一个参数必须要传入n+1，pts最后一个顶点坐标和第一个相同
setfillcolor(YELLOW);
fillpoly(5, pts);
line(m_pt1.m_nPosX, m_pt1.m_nPosY, m_pt2.m_nPosX, m_pt2.m_nPosY);
line(m_ptLT.m_nPosX, m_ptLT.m_nPosY, m_pt2.m_nPosX, m_pt2.m_nPosY);
line(m_pt1.m_nPosX, m_pt1.m_nPosY, m_ptLT.m_nPosX, m_ptLT.m_nPosY);
}
CShape* Comgraphics::Clone() const {
return new Comgraphics(*(this));
}
CShape& Comgraphics::Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY) {
m_ptLT.Move(nOffsetX, nOffsetY);
m_ptBR.Move(nOffsetX, nOffsetY);
m_pt1.Move(nOffsetX, nOffsetY);
m_pt2.Move(nOffsetX, nOffsetY);
return *this;
}
Main.cpp
#include<vector>
#include "graphics.h"
#include<iostream>
#include "CShape.h"
using namespace std;
int main()
{
//图形画布基础设置
initgraph(640, 480);
setbkcolor(WHITE);
delay_ms(0);
setcolor(BLACK);
setfont(20, 0, "楷体");
setbkmode(TRANSPARENT);
//enter+左击-->新建矩形");
//enter+右击-->新建三角形");
//enter+滚轮中间-->新建组合图形
//ctrl+左击-->复制图形");
//ctrl+右击-->粘贴图形");
vector<CShape*>shapes;
vector<CShape*>shapestmp;
shapes.push_back(new CTriangle(CPoint(320, 320), CPoint(250, 340), CPoint(340, 450)));
//shapes.push_back(new CTriangle(CPoint(10, 10), CPoint(150, 10), CPoint(150, 150)));
shapes.push_back(new CRect(CPoint(200, 200), CPoint(300, 300)));
shapes.push_back(new Comgraphics(CRect(CPoint(250, 50))));
//移动
bool move_flag = false;
bool copy_flag = false;
bool redraw = true;
//鼠标点击时记录它的坐标
int clickX, clickY;
int copyX, copyY;
int checkedid = -1;
int copyid = -1;
for (; is_run(); delay_fps(60)) {
while (mousemsg()) {
mouse_msg msg = getmouse();
//判断鼠标的移动
if (msg.is_move()) {
if (checkedid != -1) {
if (move_flag) {
shapes[checkedid]->Move(msg.x - clickX, msg.y - clickY);
}
}
clickX = msg.x;
clickY = msg.y;
redraw = true;
}
// 判断鼠标左键
else if (msg.is_left()) {
// 判断鼠标左键是否按下
if (msg.is_down()) {
clickX = msg.x;
clickY = msg.y;
CPoint pt = CPoint(clickX, clickY);
int isIn = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < shapes.size(); i++) {
if (shapes[i]->ptIn(pt)) {
isIn = 1;
//如果鼠标在图形区域内就设置移动的flag为true
move_flag = true;
checkedid = i;
redraw = true;
break;
}
}
if (isIn == 0)
checkedid = -1;
}
else {
move_flag = false;
}
}
}
// 重新绘图
if (redraw) {
redraw = false;
cleardevice();
for (int i = 0; i < shapes.size(); i++) {
if (i == checkedid)
shapes[i]->DrawColor();
else
shapes[i]->Draw();
}
}
while (kbmsg()) {
key_msg msgk = getkey();
if (msgk.key == key_enter && msgk.msg == key_msg_down) {
mouse_msg msgm = getmouse();
if (msgm.is_left()) {
// 判断鼠标左键是否按下
if (msgm.is_down()) {
shapes.push_back(new CRect(CPoint(msgm.x, msgm.y)));
redraw = true;
}
}
if (msgm.is_right()) {
// 判断鼠标右键是否按下
if (msgm.is_down()) {
shapes.push_back(new CTriangle(CPoint(msgm.x, msgm.y)));
redraw = true;
}
}
if (msgm.is_mid()) {
CRect r1 = CRect(CPoint(msgm.x, msgm.y));
// 判断鼠标中键是否按下
if (msgm.is_down()) {
shapes.push_back(new Comgraphics(r1));
redraw = true;
}
}
}
if (msgk.key == key_control && msgk.msg == key_msg_down) {
mouse_msg msgm = getmouse();
if (msgm.is_left()) {
// 判断鼠标左键是否按下
if (msgm.is_down()) {
copyX = msgm.x;
copyY = msgm.y;
CPoint pt = CPoint(copyX, copyY);
for (int i = 0; i < shapes.size(); i++) {
if (shapes[i]->ptIn(pt)) {
//如果鼠标在图形区域内就设置移动的flag为true
copy_flag = true;
copyid = i;
break;
}
}
}
}
if (msgm.is_right()) {
// 判断鼠标右键是否按下
if (msgm.is_down()) {
if (copy_flag == true) {
shapes.push_back(&(shapes[copyid]->Clone())->Move(msgm.x - copyX, msgm.y - copyY));
redraw = true;
}
}
}
}
}
}
closegraph();
return 0;
}
运行截图：
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