数学物理方程学习笔记2
1.弦振动方程
1.4 半无界问题
问题:
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\begin{cases} \Box u=f ,0<x<+\infty,t>0\\ u|_{t=0}=\varphi(x),0<x<+\infty\\ u_{t}|_{t=0}=\psi(x),0<x<+\infty\\ u|_{x=0}=g(t),t>0 \quad or \quad u_x|_{x=0}= g(t) \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧□u=f,0<x<+∞,t>0u∣t=0=φ(x),0<x<+∞ut∣t=0=ψ(x),0<x<+∞u∣x=0=g(t),t>0orux∣x=0=g(t)
方法:
开拓法
情况分类:
对于第一边界条件
(1) g ( t ) = 0 g(t)=0 g(t)=0–奇延拓
(2) g ( t ) ≠ 0 g(t)\neq0 g(t)=0–先边界齐次化,再奇延拓
令 v = u ( x , t ) − w ( x , t ) , v=u(x,t)-w(x,t), v=u(x,t)−w(x,t),使$ v|_{x=0}=0,t>0 , 不 妨 令 ,不妨令 ,不妨令w(x,t)=g(t)$
对于第二边界条件
(1) g ( t ) = 0 g(t)=0 g(t)=0–偶延拓
(2) g ( t ) ≠ 0 g(t)\neq0 g(t)=0–先边界齐次化,再偶延拓
令 v = u ( x , t ) − w ( x , t ) , v=u(x,t)-w(x,t), v=u(x,t)−w(x,t),使$ v_x|_{x=0}=g(t)-w_x=0,t>0 , 不 妨 令 ,不妨令 ,不妨令v=u-xg(t)$
解的性质:
(1)形式解+?=真正解
?:光滑性要求 u ∈ C 2 , φ ∈ C 2 , ψ ∈ C , g ∈ C 2 u\in C^2,\varphi \in C^2,\psi \in C,g \in C^2 u∈C2,φ∈C2,ψ∈C,g∈C2
相容性条件( φ ( 0 ) = g ( 0 ) , ψ ( 0 ) = g ′ ( 0 ) , g ′ ′ ( 0 ) − a 2 φ ′ ′ ( 0 ) = f ( 0 , 0 ) \varphi(0)=g(0),\psi(0)=g'(0),g''(0)-a^2\varphi''(0)=f(0,0) φ(0)=g(0),ψ(0)=g′(0),g′′(0)−a2φ′′(0)=f(0,0))
1.5混合问题
问题:
(1)一维两端固定
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\begin{cases} u_{tt}-a^2u_{xx}=0,\quad0<x<l,t>0\\ u(x,0)=\varphi(x),\quad0<x<l\\ u_t(x,0)=\psi(x),\quad0<x<l\\ u(0,t)=u(l,t)=0,\quad t>0 \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧utt−a2uxx=0,0<x<l,t>0u(x,0)=φ(x),0<x<lut(x,0)=ψ(x),0<x<lu(0,t)=u(l,t)=0,t>0
基本概念:
(1)特征值:使 X ′ ′ ( x ) + λ X ( x ) = 0 T ′ ′ ( t ) + a 2 λ T ( t ) = 0 X''(x)+\lambda X(x)=0\quad T''(t)+a^2\lambda T(t)=0 X′′(x)+λX(x)=0T′′(t)+a2λT(t)=0具有非零解的 λ \lambda λ值
(2)特征函数:相应的非零解
(3)Sturm-Liouville问题:求特征值和特征函数的问题
Sturm-Liouville问题的重要性质:
(1)所有的特征值都是正数
(2)不同特征值对应的特征函数正交
(3)任意函数可以按特征函数系展开
方法:
(分离变量法)
设
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u(x,t)=X(x)T(t)
u(x,t)=X(x)T(t),代入方程得到
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第一步--得到X(x)适合的S-L问题和T(t)适合的常微分问题\\ X(x)T''(t)-a^2T(t)X''(x)=0\\ \Longrightarrow\frac{X''(x)}{X(x)}=\frac{T''(t)}{a^2T(t)}\stackrel{\Delta}=-\lambda(\lambda>0)\\ 第二步--解S-L问题,求出特征值和特征函数及T(t)的表达式\\ \begin{cases} X''(x)+\lambda X(x)=0\\ X(0)=X(l)=0 \end{cases}\\ X(x)=c_1sin\sqrt{\lambda}x+c_2cos\sqrt{\lambda}x\\ X(0)=c_2=0,则c_1\neq0\\ X(l)=c_1sin\sqrt{\lambda}l=0,则sin\sqrt{\lambda}l=0,\lambda = (\frac{n\pi}{l})^2,n=1,2,\cdots\\ X_n(x)=sin\frac{n\pi}{l}x\\ T''(t)+a^2\lambda T(t)=0\\ T_n(t)=A_nsin\frac{an\pi}{l}t+B_ncos\frac{an\pi}{l}t\\ 第三步--利用初值待定常数\\ u(x,t)=\sum_{i=1}^{n}(A_nsin\frac{an\pi}{l}t+B_ncos\frac{an\pi}{l}t)sin\frac{n\pi}{l}x\\ u(x,0)=\sum_{i=1}^{n}B_nsin\frac{n\pi}{l}x=\varphi(x)\\ B_n=\frac{\int_{0}^{l}\varphi(x)sin\frac{n\pi}{l}xdx}{\int_{0}^{l}sin^2\frac{n\pi}{l}xdx}=\frac{2}{l}\int_{0}^{l}\varphi(x)sin\frac{n\pi}{l}xdx\\ 同理:\\ A_n=\frac{2}{an\pi}\int_{0}^{l}\psi(x)sin\frac{n\pi}{l}xdx\\
第一步−−得到X(x)适合的S−L问题和T(t)适合的常微分问题X(x)T′′(t)−a2T(t)X′′(x)=0⟹X(x)X′′(x)=a2T(t)T′′(t)=Δ−λ(λ>0)第二步−−解S−L问题,求出特征值和特征函数及T(t)的表达式{X′′(x)+λX(x)=0X(0)=X(l)=0X(x)=c1sinλx+c2cosλxX(0)=c2=0,则c1=0X(l)=c1sinλl=0,则sinλl=0,λ=(lnπ)2,n=1,2,⋯Xn(x)=sinlnπxT′′(t)+a2λT(t)=0Tn(t)=Ansinlanπt+Bncoslanπt第三步−−利用初值待定常数u(x,t)=i=1∑n(Ansinlanπt+Bncoslanπt)sinlnπxu(x,0)=i=1∑nBnsinlnπx=φ(x)Bn=∫0lsin2lnπxdx∫0lφ(x)sinlnπxdx=l2∫0lφ(x)sinlnπxdx同理:An=anπ2∫0lψ(x)sinlnπxdx
解的性质:
(1)形式解+?=真正解
?:光滑性要求 φ ∈ C 3 , ψ ∈ C 2 \varphi \in C^3,\psi \in C^ 2 φ∈C3,ψ∈C2
相容性条件( φ ( 0 ) = φ ( l ) = φ ′ ′ ( 0 ) = φ ′ ′ ( l ) = ψ ( 0 ) = ψ ( l ) = 0 \varphi(0)=\varphi(l)=\varphi''(0)=\varphi''(l)=\psi(0)=\psi(l)=0 φ(0)=φ(l)=φ′′(0)=φ′′(l)=ψ(0)=ψ(l)=0)
(2)解的估计
能量不等式:
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\int_0^{l}(u_t^2+a^2u_x^2)dx\leq M[\int_0^l(\psi^2+a^2\varphi_x^2)dx+\iint_{Q_T} f^2dxdt]
∫0l(ut2+a2ux2)dx≤M[∫0l(ψ2+a2φx2)dx+∬QTf2dxdt]
∬
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\iint_{Q_T}(u_t^2+a^2u_x^2)dxdt\leq M[\int_0^l(\psi^2+a^2\varphi_x^2)dx+\iint_{Q_T} f^2dxdt]
∬QT(ut2+a2ux2)dxdt≤M[∫0l(ψ2+a2φx2)dx+∬QTf2dxdt]
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Q_T=(0,l)\times(0,T)
QT=(0,l)×(0,T)
修改后的能量不等式:
∬ Q T ( u 2 + u t 2 + a 2 u x 2 ) d x d t ≤ M [ ∫ 0 l ( φ 2 + ψ 2 + a 2 φ x 2 ) d x + ∬ Q T f 2 d x d t ] \iint_{Q_T}(u^2+u_t^2+a^2u_x^2)dxdt\leq M[\int_0^l(\varphi^2+\psi^2+a^2\varphi_x^2)dx+\iint_{Q_T} f^2dxdt]\\ ∬QT(u2+ut2+a2ux2)dxdt≤M[∫0l(φ2+ψ2+a2φx2)dx+∬QTf2dxdt]
(3)唯一性
设
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u1,u2是混合问题的解,记
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\Box w=\Box u_1-\Box u_2=0\\ w|_{t=0}=0\\ w_{t}|_{t=0}=0\\ w|_{x=0}=0
□w=□u1−□u2=0w∣t=0=0wt∣t=0=0w∣x=0=0
根据能量不等式有
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∬QT(wt2+a2wx2)dxdt≤0,则
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w=C=0(t=0),u1=u2
(4)连续依赖性
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\begin{cases} \Box u_1=f_1\\ u_1|_{t=0}=\varphi_1\\ u_1{_t}|_{t=0}=\psi_1\\ u_1|_{x=0}=g_1(t)\\ \end{cases}\\ \begin{cases} \Box u_2=f_2\\ u_2|_{t=0}=\varphi_2\\ u_2{_t}|_{t=0}=\psi_2\\ u_2|_{x=0}=g_2(t) \end{cases}\\
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧□u1=f1u1∣t=0=φ1u1t∣t=0=ψ1u1∣x=0=g1(t)⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧□u2=f2u2∣t=0=φ2u2t∣t=0=ψ2u2∣x=0=g2(t)
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w=u1−u2,根据修改后的能量不等式有
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\iint_{Q_T}(w^2+w_t^2+a^2w_x^2)dxdt\leq\epsilon
∬QT(w2+wt2+a2wx2)dxdt≤ϵ
问题:
(2)一维边界不为0
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\begin{cases} u_{tt}-a^2u_{xx}=0,\quad0<x<l,t>0\\ u(x,0)=\varphi(x),\quad0<x<l\\ u_t(x,0)=\psi(x),\quad0<x<l\\ u(0,t)=g_1(t),u(l,t)=g_2(t),\quad t>0 \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧utt−a2uxx=0,0<x<l,t>0u(x,0)=φ(x),0<x<lut(x,0)=ψ(x),0<x<lu(0,t)=g1(t),u(l,t)=g2(t),t>0
方法:
边界齐次化–代换
令 v = u ( x , t ) − w ( x , t ) , v=u(x,t)-w(x,t), v=u(x,t)−w(x,t),使$ v|{x=0}=v|{x=l}=0,t>0 , 不 妨 令 ,不妨令 ,不妨令w(x,t)=g_1(t)\frac{l-x}{l}+g_2(t)\frac{x}{l}$
问题:
(3)方程非齐次
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\begin{cases} u_{tt}-a^2u_{xx}=f(x,t),\quad0<x<l,t>0\\ u(x,0)=\varphi(x),\quad0<x<l\\ u_t(x,0)=\psi(x),\quad0<x<l\\ u(0,t)=u(l,t)=0,\quad t>0 \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧utt−a2uxx=f(x,t),0<x<l,t>0u(x,0)=φ(x),0<x<lut(x,0)=ψ(x),0<x<lu(0,t)=u(l,t)=0,t>0
方法:
step1:用变量分离法求出对应的齐次方程的全部特征值 { ( n π l ) 2 } \{(\frac{n\pi}{l})^2\} {(lnπ)2}和特征函数系 { s i n n π l x } \{sin\frac{n\pi}{l}x\} {sinlnπx}
step2:把
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\varphi(x),\psi(x),f(x)
φ(x),ψ(x),f(x)按照特征函数系展开
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\varphi(x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\varphi_nsin\frac{n\pi}{l}x \Longrightarrow \varphi_n=\frac{2}{l}\int_o^l\varphi(x)sin\frac{n\pi}{l}xdx\\ \psi(x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\psi_nsin\frac{n\pi}{l}x \Longrightarrow \psi_n=\frac{2}{l}\int_o^l\psi(x)sin\frac{n\pi}{l}xdx\\ f(x,t)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}f_n(t)sin\frac{n\pi}{l}x \Longrightarrow f_n(t)=\frac{2}{l}\int_o^lf(x,t)sin\frac{n\pi}{l}xdx\\
φ(x)=n=1∑∞φnsinlnπx⟹φn=l2∫olφ(x)sinlnπxdxψ(x)=n=1∑∞ψnsinlnπx⟹ψn=l2∫olψ(x)sinlnπxdxf(x,t)=n=1∑∞fn(t)sinlnπx⟹fn(t)=l2∫olf(x,t)sinlnπxdx
step3:令
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u(x,t)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}T_n(t)sin\frac{n\pi}{l}x
u(x,t)=∑n=1∞Tn(t)sinlnπx代入方程中,得到
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\begin{cases} T''_n(t)+(\frac{an\pi}{l})^2T_n(t)=f_n(t)\\ T_n(0)=\varphi_n\\ T_n'(0)=\psi_n\\ \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧Tn′′(t)+(lanπ)2Tn(t)=fn(t)Tn(0)=φnTn′(0)=ψn
step4:求解上述非齐次常微分方程
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T_n(t)=\varphi_ncos\frac{an\pi}{l}t+\frac{l}{an\pi}\psi_nsin\frac{an\pi}{l}t+\frac{l}{an\pi}\int_0^tf_n(\tau)sin\frac{an\pi}{l}(t-\tau)d\tau
Tn(t)=φncoslanπt+anπlψnsinlanπt+anπl∫0tfn(τ)sinlanπ(t−τ)dτ
问题:
(4)n=2
{
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\begin{cases} u_{tt}-a^2(u_{xx}+u_{yy})=0,\quad0<x<l,t>0\\ u|_{\varrho\Omega\times(0,+\infty)}=0\\ u|_{t=0}=\varphi(x,y),(x,y)\in \Omega\\ u_t|_{t=0}=\psi(x,y),(x,y)\in \Omega \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧utt−a2(uxx+uyy)=0,0<x<l,t>0u∣ϱΩ×(0,+∞)=0u∣t=0=φ(x,y),(x,y)∈Ωut∣t=0=ψ(x,y),(x,y)∈Ω
方法:
(分离变量法)
设
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u(x,t)=W(x,y)T(t)
u(x,t)=W(x,y)T(t),代入方程得到
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{
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W(x,y)T''(t)-a^2T(t)\Delta W(x,y)=0\\ \Longrightarrow\frac{\Delta W}{W}=\frac{T''(t)}{a^2T(t)}\stackrel{\Delta}=-\lambda(\lambda>0)\\ \begin{cases} \Delta W+\lambda W=0\\ W|_{\varrho\Omega\times(0,+\infty)}=0 \end{cases}\\ 得到特征值\{\lambda_n\}和特征函数系\{w_n(x,y)\}\\ T''(t)+a^2\lambda T(t)=0\\ T_n(t)=A_nsina\sqrt{\lambda_n}t+B_ncosa\sqrt{\lambda_n}t\\ u(x,y,t)=\sum_{i=1}^{n}(A_nsina\sqrt{\lambda_n}t+B_ncosa\sqrt{\lambda_n}t)w_n(x,y)\\
W(x,y)T′′(t)−a2T(t)ΔW(x,y)=0⟹WΔW=a2T(t)T′′(t)=Δ−λ(λ>0){ΔW+λW=0W∣ϱΩ×(0,+∞)=0得到特征值{λn}和特征函数系{wn(x,y)}T′′(t)+a2λT(t)=0Tn(t)=Ansinaλnt+Bncosaλntu(x,y,t)=i=1∑n(Ansinaλnt+Bncosaλnt)wn(x,y)