游戏项目异常修复和优化

SPRITE精灵:
在项目中会出现很多相关的东西，将这些相关的东西进行编组，可以实现同时操作这些类似的所有元素，pygame利用精灵SPRITE实现相关元素的编组

在某个类使用精灵时，先从模块$python.sprite$导入$Sprite类$，然后对某个使用精灵的类进行继承$Sprite$

开发项目中出现了一个问题，控制子弹的副模块无法读取到主模块的screen属性：

import pygame
import sys
from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
from bullet import Bullet

class AlienInvasion:
    def __init__(self):
        pygame.init()

        self.settings = Settings()

        self.bullets = Bullet(self)

        self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((self.settings.screen_width, self.settings.screen_height))
        pygame.display.set_caption(self.settings.caption)

        self.ship = Ship(self)

        self.bullets = pygame.sprite.Group()

    def run_game(self):
        while True:
            self._check_events()
            self.ship.update()
            self._update_screen()


    def _check_events(self):
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                sys.exit()
            elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
                self._check_keydown_events(event)
            elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
                self._check_keyup_events(event)

    def _check_keydown_events(self, event):
        
            if event.key == pygame.K_ESCAPE:
                sys.exit()
            if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
                self.ship.moving_right = True
            if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
                self.ship.moving_left = True
            if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
                self.ship.moving_up = True
            if event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
                self.ship.moving_down = True

    def _check_keyup_events(self, event):

            if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
                self.ship.moving_right = False
            elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
                self.ship.moving_left = False
            elif event.key == pygame.K_UP:
                self.ship.moving_up = False
            elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
                self.ship.moving_down = False
                    

    def _update_screen(self):
        self.screen.fill(self.settings.bg_color)
        self.ship.blitme()
        pygame.display.flip()
        
if __name__ == '__main__':
    ai = AlienInvasion()
    ai.run_game()

import pygame

from pygame.sprite import Sprite

class Bullet(Sprite):
    
    def __init__(self, ai_game):
        super().__init__()

        self.screen = ai_game.screen
        self.settings = ai_game.settings

        self.color = self.settings.bullet_color

        self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, self.settings.bullet_width,
            self.settings.bullet_height)
        self.rect.midtop = ai_game.ship.rect.midtop

        self.y = float(self.rect.y)

    def update(self):
        self.y -= self.settings.bullet_speed
        self.rect.y = self.y

    def draw(self):
        pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.color, self.color)

    

问题：

找不到属性，无法读取并赋值

经过调试，终于成功了！！！！

import pygame
import sys
from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
from bullet import Bullet

class AlienInvasion:
    def __init__(self):
        pygame.init()


        self.settings = Settings()

        self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((self.settings.screen_width, self.settings.screen_height))
        pygame.display.set_caption(self.settings.caption)

        self.ship = Ship(self)
        self.bullets = Bullet(self)

        self.bullets = pygame.sprite.Group()

    def run_game(self):
        while True:
            self._check_events()
            self.ship.update()
            self._update_screen()


    def _check_events(self):
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                sys.exit()
            elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
                self._check_keydown_events(event)
            elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
                self._check_keyup_events(event)

    def _check_keydown_events(self, event):
        
            if event.key == pygame.K_ESCAPE:
                sys.exit()
            if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
                self.ship.moving_right = True
            if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
                self.ship.moving_left = True
            if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
                self.ship.moving_up = True
            if event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
                self.ship.moving_down = True

    def _check_keyup_events(self, event):

            if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
                self.ship.moving_right = False
            elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
                self.ship.moving_left = False
            elif event.key == pygame.K_UP:
                self.ship.moving_up = False
            elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
                self.ship.moving_down = False
                    

    def _update_screen(self):
        self.screen.fill(self.settings.bg_color)
        self.ship.blitme()
        pygame.display.flip()
        
if __name__ == '__main__':
    ai = AlienInvasion()
    ai.run_game()

import pygame

from pygame.sprite import Sprite

class Bullet(Sprite):
    
    def __init__(self, ai_game):
        super().__init__()

        self.screen = ai_game.screen
        self.settings = ai_game.settings

        self.color = self.settings.bullet_color

        self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, self.settings.bullet_width,
            self.settings.bullet_heigh)
        self.rect.midtop = ai_game.ship.rect.midtop

        self.y = float(self.rect.y)

    def update(self):
        self.y -= self.settings.bullet_speed
        self.rect.y = self.y

    def draw(self):
        pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.color, self.color)

显示：

错误：代码的先后顺序：
正确顺序：

错误顺序：

在bullet中引用alien_invasion.py中的screen，只能引用alien_invasion.py中的

self.bullets = Bullet(self)

代码行之前的screen数据，因为这一行代码的意义就在于将AlienInvasion中的实例传给$Bullet$，供他随意使用，但是在这个错误的代码行中，之前并没有定义self.screen，所以会报错

常见错误：
两个模块中的类相互导入：

from ** import ***

from *** import **

是错误的，不允许循环调用

经过调试，最终实现了发射子弹的能力：

优化一下，实现将像素块替换成子弹图片，从飞机的头部发出：