双向广搜：所谓双向搜索指的是搜索沿两个方向同时进行：正向搜索：从初始结点向目标结点方向搜索；逆向搜索：从目标结点向初始结点方向搜索；当两个方向的搜索生成同一子结点时终止此搜索过程。
通常有两种实现方法：
1、用一个队列来储存子状态，起点和终点先后入队，正向搜索和逆向搜索交替进行，两个方向的搜索交替扩展子状态。直到两个方向的搜索产生相同的子状态结束。
2、两个方向的搜索虽然是交替扩展子状态的。但是两个方向生成的子状态的速度不一定平衡。所以，可以每次选择子状态数较少的那个方向先进行扩展。这样就不会出现两个方向生成子状态的速度的不平衡，可以明显的提高效率。
下面给出双向广搜模版
void TBFS()
{
bool found=false;
memset(visited,0,sizeof(visited)); // 判重数组
while(!Q1.empty()) Q1.pop(); // 正向队列
while(!Q2.empty()) Q2.pop(); // 反向队列
//======正向扩展的状态标记为1，反向扩展标记为2
visited[s1.state]=1; // 初始状态标记为1
visited[s2.state]=2; // 结束状态标记为2
Q1.push(s1); // 初始状态入正向队列
Q2.push(s2); // 结束状态入反向队列
while(!Q1.empty() || !Q2.empty())
{
if(!Q1.empty())
BFS_expand(Q1,true); // 在正向队列中搜索
if(found) // 搜索结束
return ;
if(!Q2.empty())
BFS_expand(Q2,false); // 在反向队列中搜索
if(found) // 搜索结束
return ;
}
}
void BFS_expand(queue<Status> &Q,bool flag)
{
s=Q.front(); // 从队列中得到头结点s
Q.pop()
for( 每个s 的子节点 t )
{
t.state=Gethash(t.temp) // 获取子节点的状态
if(flag) // 在正向队列中判断
{
if (visited[t.state]!=1）// 没在正向队列出现过
｛
if(visited[t.state]==2) // 该状态在反向队列中出现过
{
各种操作；
found=true；
return;
}
visited[t.state]=1; // 标记为在在正向队列中
Q.push(t); // 入队
｝
｝
else // 在正向队列中判断
{
if (visited[t.state]!=2） // 没在反向队列出现过
｛
if(visited[t.state]==1) // 该状态在正向向队列中出现过
{
各种操作；
found=true；
return;
}
visited[t.state]=2; // 标记为在反向队列中
Q.push(t); // 入队
｝
｝
}下面介绍八数码问题
C - Eight
The 15-puzzle has been around for over 100 years; even if you don't know it by that name, you've seen it. It is constructed with 15 sliding tiles, each with a number from 1 to 15 on it, and all packed into a 4 by 4 frame with one tile missing. Let's call the missing tile 'x'; the object of the puzzle is to arrange the tiles so that they are ordered as:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 x
where the only legal operation is to exchange 'x' with one of the tiles with which it shares an edge. As an example, the following sequence of moves solves a slightly scrambled puzzle:
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8
9 x 10 12 9 10 x 12 9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12
13 14 11 15 13 14 11 15 13 14 x 15 13 14 15 x
r-> d-> r->
The letters in the previous row indicate which neighbor of the 'x' tile is swapped with the 'x' tile at each step; legal values are 'r','l','u' and 'd', for right, left, up, and down, respectively.
Not all puzzles can be solved; in 1870, a man named Sam Loyd was famous for distributing an unsolvable version of the puzzle, and
frustrating many people. In fact, all you have to do to make a regular puzzle into an unsolvable one is to swap two tiles (not counting the missing 'x' tile, of course).
In this problem, you will write a program for solving the less well-known 8-puzzle, composed of tiles on a three by three
arrangement.
Input
You will receive a description of a configuration of the 8 puzzle. The description is just a list of the tiles in their initial positions, with the rows listed from top to bottom, and the tiles listed from left to right within a row, where the tiles are represented by numbers 1 to 8, plus 'x'. For example, this puzzle
1 2 3 x 4 6 7 5 8
is described by this list:
1 2 3 x 4 6 7 5 8
Output
You will print to standard output either the word ``unsolvable'', if the puzzle has no solution, or a string consisting entirely of the letters 'r', 'l', 'u' and 'd' that describes a series of moves that produce a solution. The string should include no spaces and start at the beginning of the line.
Sample Input
2 3 4 1 5 x 7 6 8
Sample Output
ullddrurdllurdruldr
题意：八数码问题也称为九宫问题。在3×3的棋盘，摆有八个棋子，每个棋子上标有1至8的某一数字，不同棋子上标的数字不相同。棋盘上还有一个空格，与空格相邻的棋子可以移到空格中。要求解决的问题是：给出一个初始状态和一个目标状态，找出一种从初始转变成目标状态的移动棋子步数最少的移动步骤。
下面给出双向广搜解决八数码问题的代码
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<vector>
#include<queue>
using namespace std;
#define N 10
#define MAX 365000
char visited[MAX];
int father1[MAX]; // 保存正向搜索当前状态的父亲状态结点
int father2[MAX]; // 保存反向搜索当前状态的父亲状态结点
int move1[MAX]; // 正向搜索的方向保存
int move2[MAX]; // 反向搜索的方向保存
struct Status // 结构
{
char eight[N]; // 八数码状态
int space; // x 位置
int state; // hash值,用于状态保存与判重
};
queue<Status> Q1; // 正向队列
queue<Status> Q2; // 反向队列
Status s,s1,s2,t;
bool found; // 搜索成功标记
int state; // 正反搜索的相交状态
int factory[]={1,1,2,6,24,120,720,5040,40320,362880}; // 0..n的阶乘
int dir[4][2]={{-1,0},{1,0},{0,-1},{0,1}};
int Gethash(char eight[]) // 康托展开(获取状态，用于判重)
{
int k=0;
for(int i=0;i<9;i++)
{
int t=0;
for(int j=i+1;j<9;j++)
if(eight[j]<eight[i])
t++;
k+=(t*factory[9-i-1]);
}
return k;
}
int ReverseOrder(char eight[]) // 求状态的逆序数
{
int i,j,num=0;
for(i=0;i<9;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<i;j++)
{
if(int(eight[i])==9)
{
break;
}
if(int(eight[j])==9)
continue;
if(int(eight[j])>int(eight[i]))
num++;
}
}
num=num%2;
return num;
}
void BFS_expand(queue<Status> &Q,bool flag) // 单向广度搜索
{
int k,x,y;
s=Q.front();
Q.pop();
k=s.space;
x=k/3;
y=k%3;
for(int i=0;i<4;i++)
{
int xx=x+dir[i][0];
int yy=y+dir[i][1];
if(xx>=0 && xx<=2 && yy>=0 && yy<=2)
{
t=s;
t.space=xx*3+yy; // 计算x位置
swap(t.eight[k],t.eight[t.space]); // 交换两个数位置
t.state=Gethash(t.eight);
if(flag) // 在正向队列中判断
{
if(visited[t.state]!=1 && ReverseOrder(t.eight)==0) // 未在正向队列出现过并且满足奇偶性
{
move1[t.state]=i; // 保存正向搜索的方向
father1[t.state]=s.state; // 保存正向搜索当前状态的父亲状态结点
if(visited[t.state]==2) // 当前状态在反向队列中出现过
{
state=t.state; // 保存正反搜索中相撞的状态(及相交点)
found=true; // 搜索成功
return;
}
visited[t.state]=1; // 标记为在正向队列中
Q.push(t); // 入队
}
}
else // 在反向队列中判断
{
if(visited[t.state]!=2 && ReverseOrder(t.eight)==0) // 未在反向队列出现过并且满足奇偶性
{
move2[t.state]=i; // 保存反向搜索的方向
father2[t.state]=s.state; // 保存反向搜索当前状态的父亲状态结点
if(visited[t.state]==1) // 当前状态在正向队列中出现过
{
state=t.state; // 保存正反搜索中相撞的状态(及相交点)
found=true; // 搜索成功
return;
}
visited[t.state]=2; // 标记为在反向队列中
Q.push(t); // 入队
}
}
}
}
return ;
}
void TBFS() // 双向搜索
{
memset(visited,0,sizeof(visited));
while(!Q1.empty())
Q1.pop();
while(!Q2.empty())
Q2.pop();
visited[s1.state]=1; // 初始状态
father1[s1.state]=-1;
visited[s2.state]=2; // 目标状态
father2[s2.state]=-1;
Q1.push(s1);
Q2.push(s2);
while(!Q1.empty() || !Q2.empty())
{
if(!Q1.empty())
BFS_expand(Q1,true);
if(found)
return ;
if(!Q2.empty())
BFS_expand(Q2,false);
if(found)
return ;
}
}
void PrintPath1(int father[],int move[]) // 从相交状态向初始状态寻找路径
{
int n,u;
char path[1000];
n=1;
path[0]=move[state];
u=father[state];
while(father[u]!=-1)
{
path[n]=move[u];
n++;
u=father[u];
}
for(int i=n-1;i>=0;--i)
{
if(path[i] == 0)
printf("u");
else if(path[i] == 1)
printf("d");
else if(path[i] == 2)
printf("l");
else
printf("r");
}
}
void PrintPath2(int father[],int move[]) // 从相交状态向目标状态寻找路径
{
int n,u;
char path[1000];
n=1;
path[0]=move[state];
u=father[state];
while(father[u]!=-1)
{
path[n]=move[u];
n++;
u=father[u];
}
for(int i=0;i<=n-1;i++)
{
if(path[i] == 0)
printf("d");
else if(path[i] == 1)
printf("u");
else if(path[i] == 2)
printf("r");
else
printf("l");
}
}
int main()
{
int i;
char c;
while(scanf(" %c",&c)!=EOF)
{
if(c=='x')
{
s1.eight[0]=9;
s1.space=0;
}
else
s1.eight[0]=c-'0';
for(i=1;i<9;i++)
{
scanf(" %c",&c);
if(c=='x')
{
s1.eight[i]=9;
s1.space=i;
}
else
s1.eight[i]=c-'0';
}
s1.state=Gethash(s1.eight);
for(int i=0;i<9;i++)
s2.eight[i]=i+1;
s2.space=8;
s2.state=Gethash(s2.eight);
if(ReverseOrder(s1.eight)==1)
{
cout<<"unsolvable"<<endl;
continue;
}
found=false;
TBFS();
if(found) // 搜索成功
{
PrintPath1(father1,move1);
PrintPath2(father2,move2);
}
else
cout<<"unsolvable"<<endl;
cout<<endl;
}
return 0;
}
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