mysql基础

1. 关系型数据库介绍

1.1 数据结构模型

数据结构模型主要有：

• 层次模型
• 网状结构
• 关系模型

关系模型：
二维关系：row，column

数据库管理系统：DBMS
关系：Relational，RDBMS

1.2 RDBMS专业名词

常见的关系型数据库管理系统：

• MySQL：MySQL，MariaDB，Percona-Server
• PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql
• Oracle
• MSSQL

SQL：Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言

约束：constraint，向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制

• 主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据，不能为空（NOT NULL）。
  • 一个表只能存在一个
• 惟一键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空（NULL）
  • 一个表可以存在多个
• 外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
• 检查性约束

索引：将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存，并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储

1.3 关系型数据库的常见组件

关系型数据库的常见组件有：

• 数据库：database
• 表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
• 索引：index
• 视图：view
• 用户：user
• 权限：privilege
• 存储过程：procedure
• 存储函数：function
• 触发器：trigger
• 事件调度器：event scheduler

1.4 SQL语句

SQL语句有三种类型：

• DDL：Data Defination Language，数据定义语言
• DML：Data Manipulation Language，数据操纵语言
• DCL：Data Control Language，数据控制语言

SQL语句类型	对应操作
DDL	CREATE：创建 DROP：删除 ALTER：修改
DML	INSERT：向表中插入数据 DELETE：删除表中数据 UPDATE：更新表中数据 SELECT：查询表中数据
DCL	GRANT：授权 REVOKE：移除授权

2. mysql安装与配置

2.1 mysql安装

mysql安装方式有三种：

• 源代码：编译安装
• 二进制格式的程序包：展开至特定路径，并经过简单配置后即可使用
• 程序包管理器管理的程序包：
  • rpm：有两种
    • OS Vendor：操作系统发行商提供的
    • 项目官方提供的
  • deb

配置mysql的yum源
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm 
warning: mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:mysql57-community-release-el7-10 ################################# [100%]
wget https://repo.mysql.com//yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-server-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm //下载server

wget https://repo.mysql.com//yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm //下载common

wget https://repo.mysql.com//yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm //下载client

wget https://repo.mysql.com//yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-devel-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm //下载devel
wget https://repo.mysql.com//yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm //下载libs

[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg                                 mysql-community-devel-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm  mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm  mysql-community-server-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]#  yum -y install *.rpm

2.2 mysql配置

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-04-18 19:03:49 CST; 39s ago
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)
           http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
  Process: 12891 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $MYSQLD_OPTS (code=>
  Process: 12841 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 12894 (mysqld)
    Tasks: 27 (limit: 11216)
   Memory: 295.6M
   CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
           └─12894 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid

Apr 18 19:03:43 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
Apr 18 19:03:49 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl 
State        Recv-Q       Send-Q             Local Address:Port             Peer Ad
LISTEN       0            128                      0.0.0.0:22                    0.
LISTEN       0            128                         [::]:22                      
LISTEN       0            80                             *:3306                    
[root@localhost ~]#  grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log
2022-04-18T11:03:44.399663Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@loc
[root@localhost ~]#  mysql -uroot -p'TkIa!ykZ>1ir
> ^C
[root@localhost ~]# 
[root@localhost ~]#  mysql -uroot -p'TkIa!ykZ>1ir'   //登录临时密码
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.37

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0;    //设置密码复杂性为最低
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global validate_password_length=1;   //设置密码的长度最小为1
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set password = password('xz123!');    //设置密码
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)


mysql> quit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'xz123!'    //新密码登录
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 登录成功
//为避免mysql自动升级，这里需要卸载最开始安装的yum源
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e mysql57-community-release

3. mysql的程序组成

• 客户端
  • mysql：CLI交互式客户端程序
  • mysql_secure_installation：安全初始化，强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
  • mysqldump：mysql备份工具
  • mysqladmin
• 服务器端
  • mysqld

3.1 mysql工具使用

//语法：mysql [OPTIONS] [database]
//常用的OPTIONS：
    -uUSERNAME      //指定用户名，默认为root
    -hHOST          //指定服务器主机，默认为localhost，推荐使用ip地址
    -pPASSWORD      //指定用户的密码
    -P#             //指定数据库监听的端口，这里的#需用实际的端口号代替，如-P3307
    -V              //查看当前使用的mysql版本
    -e          //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出，常用于脚本
    

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -V
mysql  Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.23, for Linux (x86_64) using  EditLine wrapper
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'xz123!'
mysql>  set password = password('Runtime.123!');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO 'root'@'192.168.74.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'Runtime.123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld.service
[root@localhost ~]# setenforce 0
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/selinux/config 
SELINUX=disabled   //修改这个

与客户机连接

//服务器
mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO 'root'@'192.168.74.132' IDENTIFIED BY 'Runtime.123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.04 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;    //刷新表
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
//客户端
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Runtime123!' -h192.168.74.129   //-h指定服务器的主机
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 6
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>    //连接成功