目录
就是为了防止三层设备出现单点故障,做备用网关的
一.基本概述:
1.VRRP能在不改变组网的情况下,将路由器虚拟成一个虚拟路由器,通过配置虚拟路由器的IP地址作为默认网关,实现网关故障
2.协议版本:VRRPv2适用于IPV4(常用),VRRP适用于IPV4和IPV6两种网络
3.VRRP协议报文:Advertisement报文;其目的IP地址是224.0.0.18,目的MAC地址是01-00-5e-00-00-12,协议号是112
4.路由器角色:master路由器----实际转发数据的网关
backup路由器----是备份网关
虚拟路由器------ 包含master和backup在内的设备形成的一个虚拟组
虚拟IP----终端的网关IP
虚拟MAC:00-00-5e-00-01-VRID
5.状态机制
init初始化:主网关和备份网关都down了之后才会切换成初始化状态
master主网关状态:
(1)主网关会一张给备份网关发VRRP报文告诉备份网关设备自己优先级大(默认一秒发送一次),当三倍时间没有收到(也就是三秒),就会切换为master设备
(2)master设备优先级没有backup设备优先级高了,也会转成master设备
backup备份网关状态:backup设备优先级比master设备优先级高就换切换角色
二.VRRP实验
拓扑:
实际上数据的转发还是走的是master设备
规划ip地址:
pc1:192.168.1.1/24
pc2:192.168.1.2/24
pc3:192.168.2.1/24
pc4:192.168.2.2/24
创建两个VRRP备份组
就是将两个网关接口虚拟成一个接口,把这两个接口都放在一个VRRP备份组中
AR1配置如下:
在2组里没有修改优先级,两个路由器优先级都是100,自动选择AR1为备份组2的master设备
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]dis th
[V200R003C00]
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 192.168.2.252 255.255.255.0
vrrp vrid 2 virtual-ip 192.168.2.254
路由器连接的网段里的终端设备网关都是这个虚拟ip,一旦master设备出故障,backup设备就会变成master设备转发数据,实际上两个设备只从master设备转发数据
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]dis th
[V200R003C00]
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 192.168.1.252 255.255.255.0
vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.254
AR2配置:
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]dis th
[V200R003C00]
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 192.168.2.253 255.255.255.0
vrrp vrid 2 virtual-ip 192.168.2.254
在组一配置了更高的优先级,master设备从AR1变成了AR2
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]dis th
[V200R003C00]
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 192.168.1.253 255.255.255.0
vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.254
vrrp vrid 1 priority 120
运行结果:
查询一下VRRP设置
[AR1]dis vrrp
GigabitEthernet0/0/1 | Virtual Router 1 //备份组1
State : Backup //备份设备
Virtual IP : 192.168.1.254 //虚拟路由器的ip地址
Master IP : 192.168.1.253 //备份组1的master设备ip地址
PriorityRun : 100 //当前优先级
PriorityConfig : 100 //master设备优先级
MasterPriority : 120
Preempt : YES Delay Time : 0 s //开启抢占,时间0秒
TimerRun : 1 s
TimerConfig : 1 s
Auth type : NONE
Virtual MAC : 0000-5e00-0101 //前面都是固定的,后两位是VRID
Check TTL : YES
Config type : normal-vrrp
Backup-forward : disabled
Create time : 2022-04-10 23:23:32 UTC-08:00
Last change time : 2022-04-10 23:26:39 UTC-08:00
GigabitEthernet0/0/0 | Virtual Router 2
State : Master
Virtual IP : 192.168.2.254
Master IP : 192.168.2.252
PriorityRun : 100
PriorityConfig : 100
MasterPriority : 100
Preempt : YES Delay Time : 0 s
TimerRun : 1 s
TimerConfig : 1 s
Auth type : NONE
Virtual MAC : 0000-5e00-0102
Check TTL : YES
Config type : normal-vrrp
Backup-forward : disabled
Create time : 2022-04-10 23:24:11 UTC-08:00
Last change time : 2022-04-10 23:24:15 UTC-08:00
三.VRRP实现主备切换和负载分担
拓扑:
实现主备切换
先在AR4和AR5上配置VRRP备份组一,让AR4担任master设备
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]dis th
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0
vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.253
vrrp vrid 1 priority 120
[AR5-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]dis th
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 192.168.1.101 255.255.255.0
vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.253
再在上行接口配置ARRP备份组三,让AR4担任master设备
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]dis th
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 192.168.2.100 255.255.255.0
vrrp vrid 3 virtual-ip 192.168.2.253
vrrp vrid 3 priority 120
[AR5-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]dis th
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 192.168.2.101 255.255.255.0
vrrp vrid 3 virtual-ip 192.168.2.253
这样的话pc9就可和pc7通信了
在AR5的g0/0/0接口转包也看不见有数据包过,说明就是从master设备转发了
我们把当前master设备down掉,backup设备就会工作了
只down掉一个G0/0/1接口还不行,因为在G0/0/0接口也是master设备,上行数据只会转发给AR4,G0/0/1down
了,只能丢包了,所有在这个网络里,只能两个接口都关掉,AR5才会变成master设备
[AR5]dis vrrp brief
Total:2 Master:2 Backup:0 Non-active:0
VRID State Interface Type Virtual IP
----------------------------------------------------------------
1 Master GE0/0/1 Normal 192.168.1.253
3 Master GE0/0/0 Normal 192.168.2.253
[AR5]
把接口恢复正常后,AR4就会抢占回master,因为AR4优先级高于AR5
[AR4]dis vrrp brief
Total:2 Master:2 Backup:0 Non-active:0
VRID State Interface Type Virtual IP
----------------------------------------------------------------
1 Master GE0/0/1 Normal 192.168.1.253
3 Master GE0/0/0 Normal 192.168.2.253
在这里实现一个小功能
端口跟踪
(如果AR4的G0/0/0接口出现问题,那么G0/0/1接口是不会知道的,因此需要配置个命令,如果AR4出现故障,就会将自身的优先级降低)
监视0/0/0接口,一旦出现问题,立马就会降低其自身优先级,让backup上位
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]vrrp vrid 1 track interface g0/0/0 reduced 30
抢占时延
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]vrrp vrid 1 preempt-mode timer delay 10
实现负载分担
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]dis th
ip address 192.168.2.100 255.255.255.0
vrrp vrid 3 virtual-ip 192.168.2.253
vrrp vrid 3 priority 120
vrrp vrid 4 virtual-ip 192.168.2.254
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]dis th
ip address 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0
vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.253
vrrp vrid 1 priority 120
vrrp vrid 1 preempt-mode timer delay 10
vrrp vrid 1 track interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 reduced 30
vrrp vrid 2 virtual-ip 192.168.1.254
[AR4]dis vrrp brief
Total:4 Master:2 Backup:2 Non-active:0
VRID State Interface Type Virtual IP
----------------------------------------------------------------
1 Master GE0/0/1 Normal 192.168.1.253
2 Backup GE0/0/1 Normal 192.168.1.254
3 Master GE0/0/0 Normal 192.168.2.253
4 Backup GE0/0/0 Normal 192.168.2.254
[AR5-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]dis th
ip address 192.168.2.101 255.255.255.0
vrrp vrid 3 virtual-ip 192.168.2.253
vrrp vrid 4 virtual-ip 192.168.2.254
vrrp vrid 4 priority 120
[AR5-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]dis th
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 192.168.1.101 255.255.255.0
vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.253
vrrp vrid 2 virtual-ip 192.168.1.254
vrrp vrid 2 priority 120
[AR5]dis vrrp brief
Total:4 Master:2 Backup:2 Non-active:0
VRID State Interface Type Virtual IP
----------------------------------------------------------------
1 Backup GE0/0/1 Normal 192.168.1.253
2 Master GE0/0/1 Normal 192.168.1.254
3 Backup GE0/0/0 Normal 192.168.2.253
4 Master GE0/0/0 Normal 192.168.2.254
这样的话就可以做到负载分担了,左边的流量走AR4,右边的流量走AR5,不用再只是master设备转发流量了