一.对数的概念
如果ax=N (a>0, 且a≠1),(x>0) 那么数x叫做以a为底N的对数, 记作x= log a N \log a^N logaN, 其中a叫做对数的底数, N叫做真数
\quad
1.1两个特殊对数式
log
a
1
\log a^1
loga1 = 0
log
a
a
\log a^a
logaa = 1
1.2自然对数与常用对数
通常, 把以10为底的对数称为常用对数, 记作
lg
N
\lg N
lgN
把以e为底的对数称作自然对数, 记作
ln
N
\ln N
lnN, (e是无理数, 约为2.71828…)
例题1: 求下列各式中的x的值
(1)
log
6
4
X
\log 64^X
log64X = -
2
3
\frac{2}{3}
32
\quad
x=
1
16
\frac{1}{16}
161
(2)
log
x
8
\log x^8
logx8 = 6
x6=8
x6=(x2)3=23
x=
±
\pm
±
2
\sqrt{2}
2
由于x>0, 且x≠1
∴
\therefore
∴ x=
2
\sqrt{2}
2
(3) lg 100 \lg 100 lg100 = x \quad x=2
(4)- ln e 2 \ln e^2 lne2 = x \quad x= -2
\quad
二.对数的运算性质
(2)
log
a
M
\log a^M
logaM +
log
a
N
\log a^N
logaN =
log
a
M
N
\log_{a}^{MN}
logaMN
(3) log a M \log a^M logaM - log a N \log a^N logaN = log a M N \log_{a}^{\frac{M}{N}} logaNM
(4)
log
a
M
n
\log_{a}^{M^n}
logaMn = n
log
a
M
\log_{a}^{M}
logaM
注意: 底数要相同
(5) log a b \log a^b logab = log c b log c a \frac{\log c^b}{\log c^a} logcalogcb (c>0,且c≠1)(换底公式)
(6) log a b \log_{a}{b} logab . log b a \log_{b}{a} logba = lg b lg a \frac{\lg_{}{b}}{\lg_{}{a}} lgalgb . lg a lg b \frac{\lg_{}{a}}{\lg_{}{b}} lgblga = 1
(7) 1 log b a \frac{1}{\log_{b}{a}} logba1 = log a b \log_{a}{b} logab
\quad
例题2: 求下列各式的值
(1)
log
8
4
\log 8^4
log84+
log
8
2
\log 8^2
log82
\quad
=1
(2)
log
5
10
\log_{5}^{10}
log510+
log
5
2
\log_{5}^{2}
log52
\quad
=1
(3) log 2 ( 4 7 ∗ 2 5 ) \log_{2}^{(4^7*2^5)} log2(47∗25) =19
\quad
例题3:
lg
5
2
\lg 5^2
lg52+
2
3
\frac{2}{3}
32
lg
8
\lg 8
lg8+
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5 *
lg
20
\lg 20
lg20+(
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2)2
原式=
lg
25
\lg 25
lg25+
lg
4
\lg 4
lg4+
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5*(2
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2+
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5)+
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2 *
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2
=> 2+2
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5 *
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2+
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5 *
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5+
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2 *
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2
=>2+
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5 *
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2+
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5 *
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5+
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5 *
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2+
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2 *
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2
=>2+
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5 * (
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2+
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5) +
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5 *
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2+
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2 *
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2
=>2+
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5 +
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2(
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2+
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5)
=>2+
lg
2
\lg 2
lg2+
lg
5
\lg 5
lg5
=>2+1
=>3
\quad
例题4:
(1)
log
8
9
\log_{8}{9}
log89.
log
27
32
\log_{27}{32}
log2732
=> log 2 3 3 2 \log_{2^3}{3^2} log2332 . log 3 3 2 5 \log_{3^3}{2^5} log3325
=> 2 3 \frac{2}{3} 32 log 2 3 \log_{2}{3} log23 . 5 3 \frac{5}{3} 35 log 3 2 \log_{3}{2} log32
=> 10 9 \frac{10}{9} 910 log 2 3 \log_{2}{3} log23. log 3 2 \log_{3}{2} log32
=> 10 9 \frac{10}{9} 910 . lg 3 lg 2 \frac{\lg_{}{3}}{\lg_{}{2}} lg2lg3 . lg 2 lg 3 \frac{\lg_{}{2}}{\lg_{}{3}} lg3lg2
=> 10 9 \frac{10}{9} 910
\quad
\quad
(2) (
log
4
3
\log_{4}{3}
log43+
log
8
3
\log_{8}{3}
log83)
lg
2
lg
3
\frac{\lg_{}{2}}{\lg_{}{3}}
lg3lg2
=>( log 4 3 \log_{4}{3} log43+ log 8 3 \log_{8}{3} log83) log 3 2 \log_{3}{2} log32
=>( 1 2 \frac{1}{2} 21 log 2 3 \log_{2}{3} log23+ 1 3 \frac{1}{3} 31 log 2 3 \log_{2}{3} log23) log 3 2 \log_{3}{2} log32
=> 1 2 \frac{1}{2} 21 log 2 3 \log_{2}{3} log23 . log 3 2 \log_{3}{2} log32 + 1 3 \frac{1}{3} 31 log 2 3 \log_{2}{3} log23 . log 3 2 \log_{3}{2} log32
=> 1 2 \frac{1}{2} 21 + 1 3 \frac{1}{3} 31
=> 5 6 \frac{5}{6} 65
\quad
\quad
例题5:
(1) 若3x = 4y = 36, 求
2
x
\frac{2}{x}
x2 +
1
y
\frac{1}{y}
y1的值
解:
依题意得:
log
3
36
\log_{3}{36}
log336 = x,
log
4
36
=
y
\log_{4}{36 = y }
log436=y
2
log
3
6
\log_{3}{6}
log36=x,
log
2
6
\log_{2}{6}
log26=y
带入式子得
2
2
log
3
6
\frac{2}{2\log_{3}{6}}
2log362+
1
log
2
6
\frac{1}{\log_{2}{6}}
log261
=> 1 log 3 6 \frac{1}{\log_{3}{6}} log361+ log 6 2 \log_{6}{2} log62
=>
log
6
3
\log_{6}{3}
log63+
log
6
2
\log_{6}{2}
log62
=>1
\quad
(2) 已知3x = 4y = 6a, 求证:
1
x
\frac{1}{x}
x1 +
1
2
y
\frac{1}{2y}
2y1 =
1
a
\frac{1}{a}
a1
证明:
设:3x = 4y = 6a=n
∴
\therefore
∴
log
3
n
\log_{3}{n}
log3n = x
log
4
n
\log_{4}{n}
log4n= y
log
6
n
\log_{6}{n}
log6n= a
带入式子得
1
log
3
n
\frac{1}{\log_{3}{n}}
log3n1+
1
2
log
4
n
\frac{1}{2\log_{4}{n}}
2log4n1 =
1
log
6
n
\frac{1}{\log_{6}{n}}
log6n1
=> log n 3 \log_{n}{3} logn3+ 1 2 log n 4 \frac{1}{2}\log_{n}{4} 21logn4= log n 6 \log_{n}{6} logn6
=>
log
n
3
\log_{n}{3}
logn3+
log
n
2
\log_{n}{2}
logn2=
log
n
6
\log_{n}{6}
logn6
等式成立
∴
\therefore
∴
1
x
\frac{1}{x}
x1 +
1
2
y
\frac{1}{2y}
2y1 =
1
a
\frac{1}{a}
a1
\quad
\quad
例题6
(1):
log
15
3
\log_{15}{3}
log153 -
log
6
2
\log_{6}{2}
log62 +
log
15
5
\log_{15}{5}
log155 -
log
6
3
\log_{6}{3}
log63 = ____
log
15
3
\log_{15}{3}
log153 +
log
15
5
\log_{15}{5}
log155 -
log
6
2
\log_{6}{2}
log62 -
log
6
3
\log_{6}{3}
log63
=> 1 - (
log
6
2
\log_{6}{2}
log62 +
log
6
3
\log_{6}{3}
log63)
=> 1 - 1
=> 0
\quad
(2) 设10a=2,
lg
3
\lg_{}{3}
lg3=b, 则
log
2
6
\log_{2}{6}
log26=_____
依题意得: lg 2 \lg_{}{2} lg2=a, lg 3 \lg_{}{3} lg3=b
log 2 6 \log_{2}{6} log26 = lg 6 lg 2 \frac{\lg_{}{6}}{\lg_{}{2}} lg2lg6 = lg 2 + lg 3 lg 2 \frac{\lg_{}{2}+\lg_{}{3}}{\lg_{}{2}} lg2lg2+lg3 = a + b a \frac{a+b}{a} aa+b
\quad
\quad
三.对数函数的概念
通常, 我们用x表示自变量, 用y表示函数
所以将对数函数写成 y=
log
a
x
\log_{a}{x}
logax (a>0,且a≠1)
例题7:
给出下列函数:
(1) y=
log
5
x
\log_{5}{x}
log5x+1
(2) y=
log
a
x
2
\log_{a}{x^2}
logax2(a>0, 且a≠1)
(3) y=
log
(
3
−
1
)
x
\log_{(\sqrt[]{3}-1)}{x}
log(3−1)x
(4) y=
1
3
\frac{1}{3}
31
log
3
x
\log_{3}{x}
log3x
(5) y=
log
x
3
\log_{x}{\sqrt[]{3}}
logx3 (x>0, 且x≠1)
\quad
\quad
底数不能为自变量
(6) y=
log
2
π
x
\log_{\frac{2}{π}}{x}
logπ2x
其中是对数的是(3)(6)
\quad
例题8:
(1)若函数y=
log
(
2
a
−
1
)
x
\log_{(2a-1)}{x}
log(2a−1)x +(a2- 5a+4)是对数函数, 则a=____
依题意得: a2- 5a+4=0, 2a-1>0, 2a-1≠1
解得a=4
(2)若函数f(x)=(a2+a-5)
log
a
x
\log_{a}{x}
logax是对数函数, 则a=____
依题意得 a2+a-5=1, a>0, a≠1
解得a=2
(3)函数f(x)=
log
2
(
x
−
1
)
\log_{2}{(x-1)}
log2(x−1)的定义域是______
(1,+
∞
\infty
∞)
\quad
例题9: 求下列函数的定义域
(1) f(x)=
1
2
−
x
\frac{1}{\sqrt[]{2-x}}
2−x1+
ln
x
+
1
\ln_{}{x+1}
lnx+1
依题意得: 2-x>0, x+1>0
解得x
∈
\in
∈(-1,2)
\quad
(2) f(x)=
log
(
2
x
−
1
)
(
−
4
x
+
8
)
\log_{(2x-1)}{(-4x+8)}
log(2x−1)(−4x+8)
依题意得: 2x-1>0, 2x-1≠1, -4x+8>0
解得x
∈
\in
∈ (
1
2
\frac{1}{2}
21,1)
∪
\cup
∪(1,2)
\quad
\quad
四.对数函数的图像与性质
例题10: 比较大小
log
2
3.4
\log_{2}{3.4}
log23.4与
log
2
8.5
\log_{2}{8.5}
log28.5
\quad
\quad
<
log
0.3
1.8
\log_{0.3}{1.8}
log0.31.8与
log
0.3
2.7
\log_{0.3}{2.7}
log0.32.7
\quad
\quad
>
log
a
5.1
\log_{a}{5.1}
loga5.1与
log
a
5.9
\log_{a}{5.9}
loga5.9
当0<a<1时, >
当a>1时,
\quad
<
\quad
例题11:
已知
log
a
3
a
−
1
\log_{a}{3a-1}
loga3a−1恒为正, 求a的取值范围
依题意得:
当0<a<1时, 0<3a-1<1 恒为正
当a>1时, 3a-1>1 恒为正
解得x
∈
\in
∈ (
1
3
\frac{1}{3}
31,
2
3
\frac{2}{3}
32)
∪
\cup
∪(1,+
∞
\infty
∞)
\quad
例题12:求下列函数的值域
(1) y=
log
2
(
x
2
+
4
)
\log_{2}{(x^2+4)}
log2(x2+4)
解: x2+4>0
当x=0时,取得最小值
将x=0代入原式中解得y=2
∵
\because
∵函数底数大于1,为增函数
∴
\therefore
∴函数的值域为[2,+
∞
\infty
∞)
\quad
(2) y=
log
1
2
(
3
+
2
x
−
x
2
)
\log_{\frac{1}{2}}{(3+2x-x^2)}
log21(3+2x−x2)
解: 3+2x-x2>0
解得顶点为(1,4)
将3+2x-x2=4带入原式得, y=-2
∵
\because
∵函数底数小于1,为减函数
∴
\therefore
∴函数的值域为[-2,+
∞
\infty
∞)