实验三：空间数据可视化

实验三：空间数据可视化

实验目的

掌握空间数据可视化的原理和方法。

实验内容

在3D空间中绘制以下图形：

1、螺旋曲线（半径为5，每旋转一周z坐标增加π）

2、二元正态分布曲面

3、球面（半径为5）

实验过程

螺旋线

from pyecharts import options as opts
from pyecharts.charts import Line3D

import math

def create_spiral(accuracy):
    '''
生成螺旋曲线的数据点，返回规格化的数据
accuracy:螺旋曲线上的点的数量，数量越多，点之间的距离越小
    '''
    data = []
    for t in range(0, accuracy):
        theta = t / accuracy * 10 * 2 * math.pi  # 角度范围从0到2π
        x = 5 * math.cos(theta)  # x坐标
        y = 5 * math.sin(theta)  # y坐标
        z = t / accuracy * 10 * math.pi  # z坐标，每旋转一周z坐标增加π
        data.append([x, y, z])
    return data

if __name__ == "__main__":
    data = create_spiral(100000)
    # 绘图
    line3d = (
        Line3D()
        .add(
            "3D螺旋线",
            data,
            xaxis3d_opts=opts.Axis3DOpts(type_="value"),
            yaxis3d_opts=opts.Axis3DOpts(type_="value"),
            zaxis3d_opts=opts.Axis3DOpts(type_="value"),
            grid3d_opts=opts.Grid3DOpts(width=100, height=100, depth=100),
        )
        .set_global_opts(
            title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="3D螺旋曲线图"), # 标题
            visualmap_opts=opts.VisualMapOpts(
                dimension=2,
                max_=3.15 * 10,  # z坐标最大值
                min_=0,  # z坐标最小值
                range_color=["green","blue","yellow","orange", "red"],
            )
        )
    )

# 保存为HTML文件
line3d.render("exp2/mission-1/spiral.html")

二维正态分布

from pyecharts import options as opts
from pyecharts.charts import Surface3D
import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import multivariate_normal

def generate_normal_distribution_data(mean, cov, x_range, y_range, num_points):
    '''
    生成二维正态分布的数据,返回包含三个数组的元组 (X, Y, Z)
    mean:均值
    cov:方差
    x_range:x的取值范围
    y_range:y的取值范围
    num_points:数据点的数量
    '''
    x = np.linspace(x_range[0], x_range[1], num_points)
    y = np.linspace(y_range[0], y_range[1], num_points)
    X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
    pos = np.dstack((X, Y)) # 表示三维空间中的每个点
    rv = multivariate_normal(mean, cov)
    Z = rv.pdf(pos) # # 计算每个点的概率密度
    
    return X, Y, Z

if __name__ == "__main__":

    # 数据
    mean = [0, 0]
    cov = [[1, 0.5], [0.5, 1]]
    x_range = (-5, 5)
    y_range = (-5, 5)
    num_points = 400


    X, Y, Z = generate_normal_distribution_data(mean, cov, x_range, y_range, num_points)

    # 创建Surface3D图表
    surface = (
        Surface3D()
        .add(
            "二维正态分布",
            [list(x) for x in zip(X.ravel(), Y.ravel(), Z.ravel())],
            shading="color",
            grid3d_opts=opts.Grid3DOpts(width=100, height=100),
        )
        .set_global_opts(
            title_opts=opts.TitleOpts("二维正态分布曲面图"),
            visualmap_opts=opts.VisualMapOpts(
                dimension=2,
                max_=Z.max(),
                min_=Z.min(),
                range_color=["green", "blue", "yellow", "orange", "red"],
            )
        )
        .set_series_opts(
            label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(is_show=False),
            linestyle_opts=opts.LineStyleOpts(width=0.5),
        )
    )

    # 保存为HTML文件
    surface.render("exp2/mission-2/main.html")

球

import math
import numpy as np
from pyecharts import options as opts
from pyecharts.charts import Scatter3D

def create_data(radius, points_num):
    ''' 
    生成球面数据点,返回一个二维列表,包含x, y, z三个列表
    radius:半径
    points_num:数据点的数量
    '''
    phi = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, points_num) # 
    theta = np.linspace(0, np.pi, points_num)
    phi, theta = np.meshgrid(phi, theta)
    x = radius * np.sin(theta) * np.cos(phi)
    y = radius * np.sin(theta) * np.sin(phi)
    z = radius * np.cos(theta)
    return [x, y, z]

if __name__ == "__main__":
    radius = 5
    points_num = 100
    x, y, z = create_data(radius, points_num)
    # 创建3D散点图
    scatter3d = (
        Scatter3D()
        .add(
            "球",
            [list(z) for z in zip(x.reshape(-1), y.reshape(-1), z.reshape(-1))],
            grid3d_opts=opts.Grid3DOpts(width=100, height=100, depth=100),
        )
        .set_global_opts(
            title_opts=opts.TitleOpts("球"),
            visualmap_opts=opts.VisualMapOpts(
                max_=radius,  # 球面半径
                range_color=["blue", "yellow","orange","red"],
            )
        )
    )

    # 保存为HTML文件
    scatter3d.render("exp2/mission-3/main.html")

实验结果

参考资料

https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/

https://pyecharts.org/#/

https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/