【北邮国院大二下】产品开发与营销知识点整理 Topic10

北邮国院大二电商在读，随课程进行整理知识点。仅整理PPT中相对重要的知识点，个人认为相对不重要的细小的知识点不列在其中。如有错误请指出。转载请注明出处

Topic 10 – Production ramp-up, Robust Design

Four Basic Types of Production Systems

There are four basic types of production systems:

生产系统有四种基本类型:

1. Process        过程

2. Product        产品

3. Cellular        网状的

4. Fixed positions        固定位置

Process Production System

过程生产系统

Similar processes (or processes with similar needs) are located together

相似的过程(或具有相似需求的过程)位于一起

By grouping similar processes utilization of resources is improved

通过对相似的过程进行分组，可以提高资源的利用率

Customers, products, patients move through the processes according to their needs

客户、产品和患者根据他们的需要在流程中移动

Different products = different needs = different requirements

不同的产品=不同的需求=不同的要求

Complex flow pattern in the operation

操作流程复杂

Examples - Supermarkets, Hospitals

Product Production System

产品生产系统

Sometimes called line layout, flow line or assembly line

有时又称流水线、流水或装配线

Parts follow a specified route – the sequence of workstations matches with the sequence of required operations

部件遵循指定的路线——工作站的顺序与所需操作的顺序相匹配

Work Flow is clear, predictable, easy to control

工作流程清晰，可预测，易于控制

Examples - Car assembly, Paper manufacture (large scale), Self-service canteen

eg：汽车装配，造纸(大型)，自助食堂

Cellular Production System

网格生产系统

Machines are grouped into a cell that can process items that have similar processing requirements

机器被分组到一个单元中，该单元可以处理具有类似处理要求的项

Based on Group technology which involves grouping items with similar design or manufacturing characteristics into part families

基于分组技术，将具有相似设计或制造特性的零件分组成零件族

Could be considered as mini / small product layouts

可以考虑为迷你/小型产品布局

Can improve and simplify a functional/process layout

可以改进和简化功能/流程布局

Flexible        灵活的

Duplicates some resources

重复一些资源

Fixed Production System

固定式生产系统

The product or project remains stationary (fixed) and workers, materials, and equipment are moved as needed.

产品或项目保持固定(固定)，工人、材料和设备根据需要移动。

Examples: Home / House building, Ship building, Aircraft building

Production Systems - Layout Goals

生产系统-布局目标

Use space efficiently        有效地利用空间

Efficient personnel movement        有效的人员流动

Maximum equipment utilization        最大的设备利用率

Convenient / safe work environment        便利/安全的工作环境

Simplify repair / maintenance work        简化维修/保养工作

Smooth flow of work        工作流程顺畅

Phase 5 – Production ramp-up

生产爬坡

In the production ramp-up phase, the product is made using the intended production system

在生产爬升阶段，产品使用预定的生产系统生产

The purpose of the ramp-up is to train the work force and to work out any remaining problems in the production processes

目的是培训工人，并解决生产过程中遗留的任何问题

Products produced during production ramp-up are sometimes supplied to preferred customers and are carefully evaluated to identify any remaining flaws

在生产过程中生产的产品有时会提供给首选客户，并仔细评估以确定任何剩余的缺陷

The transition from production ramp-up to on-going production is usually gradual 

从大规模生产到持续生产的过渡通常是渐进的

At some point in the transition, the product is launched and becomes available for widespread distribution

在转换过程中的某个时刻，该产品被启动并可以广泛分发

This is the final stage of the development process, however remember that iteration can take place at any point

这是开发过程的最后阶段，但是要记住迭代可以在任何时候发生

Some activities also take place in a number of phases

有些活动也分几个阶段进行

        robust design is a example of this        健壮设计就是一个例子

Departmental responsibilities

部门职责

Departmental responsibilities at this phase        本阶段的部门职责

1. Marketing        营销

        Place early production with key customers        与关键客户进行早期生产

2. Design        设计

        Evaluate early production output        评估早期产量

3. Manufacturing        制造

        Begin operation of entire production system        开始整个生产系统的运行

What is ‘Robust Design’

A robust product is one that has robust performance, i.e. it performs as intended even under non-ideal conditions

健壮的产品是具有健壮性能的产品，即即使在非理想条件下也能按照预期性能运行

        e.g. manufacturing variations, varying operating conditions

        例如，生产变化，不同的操作条件

Robust design is the product development activity of creating a robust product

健壮设计是创造健壮产品的产品开发活动

We need to carry out tests or experiments at various stages in the design process to help us create this robust product

我们需要在设计过程的各个阶段进行测试或实验，以帮助我们创建这个健壮的产品

For a given performance target, many combinations of parameter values can give us the desired result

对于给定的性能目标，许多参数值的组合可以给我们期望的结果

        e.g. you can compensate for a mobile phone case attenuating the radio signal by increasing the gain of the RF amplifier

        例如，你可以通过增加射频放大器的增益来补偿手机外壳减弱的无线电信号

Some of these parameters are more sensitive to uncontrolled variables than others

其中一些参数对不受控制的变量比其他参数更敏感

We need to choose the set of parameters that gives us the lowest overall sensitivity and meets all of our design criteria.This is known as a robust setpoint

我们需要选择一组参数，使我们的总体灵敏度最低，并满足我们的所有设计标准。这就是所谓的健壮设定值

Where does robust design happen in product development?

The earlier that robustness can be considered in product development, the better the results

在产品开发中越早考虑到健壮性，结果就越好

Robust design experiments can be used in concept development to refine the specifications

稳健设计实验可用于概念开发，以完善规范

Used most frequently during the detail design phase to make sure that we get the required product performance under a variety of conditions

最常用于细节设计阶段，以确保我们在各种条件下得到所需的产品性能

The robust design process

1. Identify control factors, noise factors & performance metrics

识别控制因素，噪声因素和性能指标

2. Formulate an objective function        制定一个目标函数

3. Develop the experimental plan        制定实验计划

4. Run the experiment        运行实验

5. Conduct the analysis        行为分析

6. Select & confirm factor setpoints        选择并确认因子设定值

7. Reflect & repeat        反映和重复

1. Identify control factors, noise factors & performance metrics

Control factors        控制因素

        The design variables to be varied in a controlled manner during the experiment – e.g. amplifier current

        设计变量在实验过程中以可控的方式变化，例如放大器电流

        Normally these are factors that can be specified for production and/or operation

        通常这些是可以为生产和/或经营指定的因素

Noise factors        噪声因数（不可控因数）

        The variables that often cannot be controlled in production and/or operation – e.g. ambient temperature

        在生产和/或操作中经常无法控制的变量，例如环境温度

        These changes, which may not be controllable, and their effect are monitored during the experiment

        这些变化可能是不可控制的，它们的影响在实验中被监测

Performance metrics        性能标准

        The product specifications that we are interested in during the experiment – e.g. overall RF signal strength

        我们在实验过程中感兴趣的产品规格-例如整体射频信号强度

        These will be taken from the product specification created in Phase 1 – Concept Development

        这些将取自第一阶段-概念开发中创建的产品规范

After listing the possible factors, the team then has to decide which ones will be tested in the experiment

在列出可能的因素之后，研究小组必须决定哪些因素将在实验中进行测试

        This may be done by running initial models to see which factors are likely to have the greatest impact on the performance metrics

        这可以通过运行初始模型来查看哪些因素可能对性能指标有最大的影响来实现

2. Formulate the objective function

The performance metrics are then stated as objective functions

性能指标然后作为目标函数陈述

These may be functions giving values that you want to:

这些函数可能提供您想要的值

        Maximise – e.g. energy efficiency        最大值-如能源效率

        Minimise – e.g. waste heat        最小值-如废热

        Meet a target value – e.g. signal strength        满足一个目标值-例如信号强度

        Meet a signal-to-noise ratio - i.e. reduce the response to uncontrollable factors compared to the response to controllable factors

        满足信噪比-即与对可控因素的响应相比，减少对不可控因素的响应

3. Develop the experimental plan

A critical factor in any experiments is the cost        任何实验的一个关键因素是成本

Where the cost is low it may be possible to        成本低的地方就有可能

        Run a large number of trials        进行大量的试验

        Explore many factor combinations and interactions        探索许多因素组合和相互作用

Where the cost is high, methods must be used that reduce the number of trials by simultaneously changing several factors

在成本高的地方，必须使用通过同时改变几个因素来减少试验次数的方法

4. Run the experiment

The product is tested under the conditions described by each combination of factors in the experimental plan

产品在实验计划中每种因素组合所描述的条件下进行测试

Wherever possible, the sequence of events is randomised to overcome the effect of any factors drifting over time; e.g. without randomisation:

在可能的情况下，事件的顺序是随机的，以克服任何随时间漂移的因素的影响; 如没有随机:

        The first half of the tests use factor A at value 1 and the second half use factor A at value 2

        前一半测试在值1使用因子A，后一半在值2使用因子A

        There is a drift over time in some other factor such as room temperature

        其他一些因素，如室温，随着时间的推移也会发生漂移

        Any change in the test results caused by this temperature change would be wrongly attributed to a change from A1 to A2

        任何由温度变化引起的测试结果的变化都将被错误地归因于A1到A2的变化

5. Conduct the analysis

Statistical techniques are used to analyse the test results to determine which set of values for each of the control factors will give us the result that is closest to the objective functions defined in Step 2

统计技术用于分析测试结果，以确定每个控制因素的哪一组值将给我们最接近步骤2中定义的目标函数的结果

It is important to take into account the range of results found for each factor, since it is this variance that is likely to be found, and cause problems, in practice

考虑到每个因素的结果范围是很重要的，因为在实践中很可能会发现这种差异，并导致问题

6. Select & confirm factor setpoints

The analysis in Step 5 helps the team to understand which factors are best able to reduce the product’s variance

第5步中的分析帮助团队理解哪些因素最能减少产品的方差

By choosing setpoints based on this analysis, the product can be designed to give greater robustness

通过基于此分析选择设定值，产品可以设计为具有更强的健壮性

7. Reflect and repeat

One round of tests may be enough to achieve the objectives.

一轮测试可能足以实现这些目标

Sometimes, further refinement is needed with more testing. If this happens, the team needs to:

有时，需要通过更多的测试进一步细化。如果出现这种情况，团队需要:

        Reconsider the setpoints where there is a trade-off of performance versus robustness

        在需要权衡性能和健壮性的情况下，重新考虑设定值

        Explore the interactions between some of the factors

        探索一些因素之间的相互作用

        Consider revising the ranges of values tested

        考虑修改测试值的范围

A generic product development process - Summary

Product development started with planning and concludes with product launch

产品开发从计划开始，到产品发布结束

Phase 0 – Planning

阶段0 -规划

Began with the Corporate Strategy – what were the aims of the organisation, how could product development help in achieving these?

从企业战略开始——企业的目标是什么，产品开发如何帮助实现这些目标?

The output was the Mission Statement, which specified the target market for the product, business goals, key assumptions and constraints

输出是任务陈述，它指定了产品的目标市场、业务目标、关键假设和约束条件

Phase 1 – Concept development

第一阶段-概念发展

Identification of how the Corporate Strategy can be realised in terms of products

确定如何在产品方面实现企业战略

The needs of the target market were identified

确定了目标市场的需求

Alternative product concepts were generated and evaluated

产生和评估替代产品概念

One or more concepts were selected for further development and testing

选择一个或多个概念进行进一步的开发和测试

The concept descriptions and specifications were created and subsequently analysed in terms of economic justification and in comparison to competitive products

提出了概念说明和规格，随后根据经济理由和与竞争产品的比较进行了分析

The chosen concepts were taken to the next phase

选定的概念被带入下一个阶段

Phase 2 – System-level design

阶段2 -系统级设计

The selected product concepts were developed in more detail

对选定的产品概念进行了更详细的开发

The product architecture and the decomposition of the product into subsystems and components was created and completed

创建并完成了产品架构以及产品分解为子系统和组件的工作

The geometric layout and functional specifications of the subsystems of the product were created

设计了产品各子系统的几何布局和功能规格

And a preliminary process flow diagram for the final assembly process was also created

并绘制了最终装配过程的初步工艺流程图

These system-level details were then used as the input to the next phase

然后，这些系统级的详细信息被用作下一个阶段的输入

Phase 3 – Detail Design

In this phase the complete specification of the geometry, materials and tolerances of all the unique parts of the product was finalised

在这一阶段，产品所有独特部件的几何形状、材料和公差的完整规范都完成了

Details of parts (standard or custom) to be purchased from suppliers were finalised

从供应商处采购的零件(标准或定制)的细节已敲定

The output of this phase was the control documentation – the drawings or computer files describing the specifications of each of the parts of the product and how it is to be assembled

这一阶段的输出是控制文件——描述产品每个部件的规格以及如何组装的图纸或计算机文件

Production cost was addressed at this stage

生产成本问题在此阶段得到解决

The product is now ready for testing

该产品现在可以进行测试了

Phase 4 – Testing and refinement

阶段4 -测试和改进

Involved the construction and evaluation of multiple preproduction versions of the product – prototypes, GUI designs etc.

参与构建和评估产品的多个预生产版本-原型，GUI设计等。

Initial testing within the organisation was completed

组织内部的初始测试已经完成

Further customer testing was carried out at this stage – with the lead customer

进一步的客户测试在这一阶段进行——与主要客户一起

Feedback used to make improvements and adjustments to the products

用于对产品进行改进和调整的反馈

The final product is now ready for Production Ramp-up

最终产品现在已经准备好进行生产加速

Phase 5 – Production Ramp-up

The product is made using the intended production system

产品是使用预定的生产系统制造的

The work force is now trained and any remaining problems in the production process are ironed out

现在工人们都接受了培训，生产过程中遗留的任何问题都得到了解决

Products from this phase are delivered to preferred customers for initial feedback

这一阶段的产品将交付给首选客户，以获得初步反馈

At some point during this phase, the product is launched and therefore available for widespread distribution

在这一阶段的某个时刻，产品被发布，因此可以广泛分发