【北邮国院大二下】产品开发与营销知识点整理 Topic11

北邮国院大二电商在读，随课程进行整理知识点。仅整理PPT中相对重要的知识点，个人认为相对不重要的细小的知识点不列在其中。如有错误请指出。转载请注明出处

Topic 11 – Patents and Intellectual Property

专利和知识产权

前排提示：本topic所说的各种定义的简略版总结在Summary分区，如果是考前突击复习背诵，请直接拉到最后先背后面的再往前看

Legal Aspects and Product Development

法律方面和产品开发

During the product development process, it is essential to consider a variety of legal issues that may come up:

在产品开发过程中，必须考虑可能出现的各种法律问题:

        Protection of intellectual property        保护知识产权

        Licensing        许可

        Product liability        产品责任

        Cybersecurity and privacy        网络安全和隐私

Intellectual Property and Product Development

知识产权和产品开发

From the concept to the product itself, the value may be protected by different intellectual property rights

从概念到产品本身，其价值可能受到不同的知识产权保护

This is especially the case in:        尤其在以下情况中:

        Phase 1 – Concept Development        第一阶段-概念发展

                Do any of the proposed concepts have scope for IP, e.g. is the invention patentable?

                提出的概念中是否有知识产权的适用范围，例如该发明是否可申请专利?

        Phase 3 – Detail Design        第三阶段-详细设计

                Can the product be designed in such a way that aspects of it can be protected by design rights?

                产品的设计方式是否能使其各方面受到设计权的保护?

Intellectual Property

知识产权

Definition:        定义：

Intellectual property, often known as IP, refers to intangible assets created by human intellectual or creative activity.

知识产权，通常被称为IP，是指人类智力或创造性活动所创造的无形资产。

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) allow people to own their creativity and innovation in the same way that they can own physical property.

知识产权(IPRs)允许人们像拥有实物财产一样拥有自己的创造力和创新能力。

The owner can control and be rewarded for the use of their IP, and this encourages further innovation and creativity to the benefit of us all.

所有者可以控制并因使用其知识产权而获得奖励，这将鼓励进一步的创新和创造力，从而造福于我们所有人。

Value of Intellectual Property

知识产权的价值

There are many types of IP:        IP有很多类型:

        patents, trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications (industrial property);

        专利、商标、工业外观设计和地理标志(工业产权);

        copyright        版权

Intellectual capital is recognized as the most important asset of many of the world’s largest and most powerful companies; it is the foundation for the market dominance and continuing profitability of leading corporations.

智力资本被认为是世界上许多最大、最强大的公司最重要的资产;它是领先企业占据市场主导地位和持续盈利的基础。

        eg:K. King, World Intellectual Property Organization        

        例如：K.King，世界知识产权组织 (WIPO)

For Fortune 500 companies, the value of IP ranges between 45% - 75% of total assets.

对于财富500强公司来说，知识产权的价值在总资产的45% - 75%之间。

        eg:Cisco Website        如:思科网站

Types of Intellectual Property

The four main types of IP are:

        1. patents for inventions        发明专利

                new and improved products and processes that are capable of industrial application

                具有工业应用能力的新产品和工艺

        2. trademarks for brand identity        品牌标识的商标

                of goods and services, allowing distinctions to be made between different traders

                商品和服务，使不同的贸易商之间有所区别

        3. designs for product appearance        产品外观设计

                of the whole or a part of a product - resulting from the features of, in particular, the lines, contours, colours, shape, texture or materials of the product itself or its ornamentation

                产品的整体或部分-由产品本身或其装饰的线条、轮廓、颜色、形状、质地或材料的特征而形成的

        4. copyright for original expression        原创表达版权所有

                literary and artistic material, music, films, sound recordings and broadcasts, live theatre performances

                文艺资料、音乐、电影、录音、广播、现场戏剧表演

                include software and multimedia

                包括软件和多媒体

Patents – Definition

专利的三个定义

a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention 

专利权授予发明人对发明的专有权的文件

“a patent is a contract between an individual or organisation and the state”

专利是个人或组织与国家之间的契约。

“a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a patentee (the inventor or assignee) for a fixed period of time in exchange for the regulated, public disclosure of certain details of a device, method, process or composition of matter (substance) (known as an invention) which is new, inventive, and useful or industrially applicable” 

”一组专有权由国家授与专利权所有人(发明者或受让人)的一段固定的时间换取监管,公开披露某些设备的细节,方法,过程或成分的物质(物质)(被称为一项发明)这是新的,创造力,和有用的或工业适用”

Patents – Overview

A patent is a limited-time monopoly, granted by government, in exchange for teaching the public new and useful knowledge

专利是政府授予的一种有限时间的垄断，以换取向公众传授新的、有用的知识

The aim is to encourage creativity and innovation within an economy by granting a temporary monopoly

其目的是通过授予临时垄断，鼓励一个经济体内的创造力和创新

This means that individuals and organisations will know that any idea that is created from their R&D investment will be protected (if patentable), and therefore any Return On Investment (ROI) will be received by them and not others

这意味着个人和组织将知道，他们的研发投资创造的任何想法都将受到保护(如果可以获得专利)，因此任何投资回报(ROI)将由他们而不是其他人获得

US/UK: 20 years monopoly from filing date        美国/英国:自申请日起20年垄断

Patents are granted to individuals and organisations who can lay claim to a new product or manufacturing process, or to an improvement of an existing product or process that was not previously known

专利被授予个人和组织，他们可以对新产品或制造工艺，或对先前不为人知的现有产品或工艺的改进提出权利要求

The granting of a patent gives the ‘patentee’ a monopoly to make, use or sell the invention for a fixed period of time

授予专利使“专利权人”在一段固定的时间内垄断制造、使用或销售发明

20 year protection of potential ROI

20年保护潜在的投资回报

Therefore can be worth the investment as the organisation could then lead the industry or own a core component or standard e.g. only four companies in the world make 5G chips

因此，投资是值得的，因为该组织可以引领行业或拥有一个核心组件或标准，例如，世界上只有4家公司生产5G芯片

But there are costs in getting and enforcing a patent

但是获得和执行专利是有成本的

In return for this monopoly, the patentee pays a fee to cover the costs of processing the patent and, equally importantly, publicly discloses details of the invention

作为对这种垄断的回报，专利权人支付一笔费用来支付处理专利的成本，同样重要的是，公开披露发明的细节

It is only valid in the country / jurisdiction it has been applied for

它只在申请的国家/管辖区有效

【上面的东西很长，但大部分是overview，只需要记住专利就是政府赋予的临时垄断（monopoly），政府保护patentee获得ROI 就行】

The Cost of Patents

1. Annual fees required        需要年费

        Can be expensive        会很贵

        Organisations have to weigh up the cost vs the benefits

        企业必须权衡成本与收益

2. Patent agents        专利代理人

        Experts who have scientific or engineering and legal knowledge

        具有科学、工程和法律知识的专家

        Experts will have to be paid to prepare patents and check for infringements by others

        专家在准备专利和检查他人的侵权行为时必须得到报酬

3. Court fees        诉讼费

        There is no point in having a patent unless you enforce it

        除非你执行专利，否则拥有专利是没有意义的

        This can mean expensive litigation in national courts

        这可能意味着在国家法院进行昂贵的诉讼

Patents – Requirements (UK)

There are 3 key legal requirements for a patent to be granted:

授予专利有三个关键的法律要求:

1. Novelty        新奇的事物

        ‘an invention shall be taken as to be new if it does not form part of the ‘state of the art’ – the Patent Act 1977 section 2(1) (UK)

        如果一项发明不构成“最先进技术”的一部分，则该发明应被视为新发明——《1977年专利法》第2(1)节(英国)

        A state of the art is defined as “all matter, in other words, publications, written or oral or even anticipated which will render a patent invalid”

        技术水平被定义为“所有物质，换句话说，出版物，书面的或口头的，甚至是预期的，会使专利无效”

2. Inventive step        独创性

        ‘an invention shall be taken to involve an inventive step when it is not obvious to a person skilled in the art ‘ ——UK Patent Act, section 3

        “当一项发明对该领域的技术人员不明显时（尚未被发现和认可），应被认定为包含独创性的发明”——英国专利法，第3节

        It must be clear that progress in the form of invention has taken place

        必须清楚的是，发明形式的进步已经发生了

3. Industrial application        工业应用

        The invention shall be taken to be capable of industrial application if it can be a machine, product or process

        如果发明是机器、产品或者工艺，则认为它能够工业应用

        Patents are about products/processes and therefore the final aim is industry application (unlike, for example, PhD research)

        专利是关于产品/过程的，因此最终目标是工业应用(不像，例如，博士研究)

        An invention is typically an apparatus, a product, a manufacturing process etc.

        一项发明通常是一种仪器、一种产品、一种制造工艺等

The invention must never have been made public IN ANY WAY before you apply to the UK Intellectual Property Office.

在你向英国知识产权局申请之前，这项发明必须从未以任何方式公开。

Your invention must not fall into an excluded category. This includes works of art, scientific theories, mathematical methods and the presentation of information.

你的发明不能被排除在外。这包括艺术作品、科学理论、数学方法和信息的呈现。

Patents – Key Terms

专利-主要术语

1. Offensive right – requires that the patent owner sues the infringer

进攻性权利——要求专利所有人起诉侵权人

        This is expensive        这项权利很贵

        Patent infringement does not lead to an automatic fine, only the patent owner polices the actions of other organisations or individuals

        专利侵权并不会导致自动罚款，只有专利所有者才会监督其他组织或个人的行为

2. Prior art – an invention described in a patent, whether part of the claimed invention or not, is considered by the legal system to be known publicly

现有技术-在专利中描述的一项发明，无论是否属于权利要求的发明的一部分，都被法律系统认为是公开的

3. Defensive right – the disclosure of this prior art in the form of the patent is a defensive protection for the owner – it can block a competitor from patenting the disclosed invention

防御性权利-以专利的形式公开这种现有技术是对所有者的防御性保护-它可以阻止竞争对手对所公开的发明申请专利

        Therefore it is important to apply early        因此，尽早申请很重要

Patents – Patent Harmonisation

专利-专利协调

The EU and the US patent systems have many similarities, however there is one key difference

欧盟和美国的专利制度有许多相似之处，但有一个关键的区别

        US – first to invent        美国——第一个发明

                Prove you were the first individual or organisation to invent        

                证明你是第一个发明的个人或组织                

        EU – first to file        欧盟-第一个申请

                Race to file the application first (not just first to invent)

                争先提交申请(而不仅仅是第一个发明)

International patent treaties generally mean that the date you file in your own country is regarded as the date of filing when deciding who has priority in other countries

国际专利条约一般是指在决定谁在其他国家拥有优先权时，以你在本国申请的日期作为申请的日期

Patents – Benefits

三点

1. Only the owner (individual or organisation) can benefit from the invention for the duration of the patent – in the US and EU, for 20 years

在专利有效期内，只有专利所有者(个人或组织)才能从发明中受益——在美国和欧盟，是20年

2. Patent owners can commercially exploit their ideas themselves or they can charge other organisations to use their patent – thereby identifying an alternative source of income

专利所有者可以自己在商业上利用他们的想法，也可以向其他组织收费，让它们使用他们的专利——从而找到另一种收入来源

This is particularly useful where an organisation does not have the resources or market knowledge to exploit the invention associated with the patent

当一个组织没有资源或市场知识来开发与专利相关的发明时，这一点特别有用

4. Patent databases can be a good source of information on what competitive organisations are working on

专利数据库是一个很好的信息来源，可以了解有竞争力的组织正在从事什么工作

Patents – Limitations

四点

1. A patent must be applied for, in principle, in each country in which you seek patent

原则上，专利必须在你申请专利的每个国家申请

2. In order to enjoy patent protection, an application for a patent shall comply with both formal and substantive requirements, and a patented invention shall be disclosed to the public

为享受专利保护，专利申请应当符合形式和实质要求，专利发明应当向社会公开

These requirements can be legally and technically complex, and their compliance often requires a legal expert’s assistance

这些要求在法律和技术上可能很复杂，它们的遵守通常需要法律专家的协助

3. It is up to the patent owner to defend a patent in the courts if there is infringement, which can prove very expensive and often impossible for a small business

如果有侵权行为，专利所有人就得在法庭上为专利辩护，这可能会被证明是非常昂贵的，对小企业来说往往是不可能的

4. Annual fees are needed to keep the patent in force

为了保持专利的有效，每年都需要缴纳费用

What is in a Patent?

A patent application is like a research paper – a set of figures and accompanying text:

一份专利申请就像一份研究论文——一组图表和相关文本:

1.Field of the invention        该项发明的领域

        Describe the problem addressed        描述所解决的问题

2. Background of the invention        该发明的背景

        Describe the “prior art”        描述“现有技术”

        List advantages over existing methods        列出与现有方法相比的优点

3. Summary of the invention        该发明的概要

4. Detailed description        详细描述

        Best mode: the best way to implement the invention

        最佳方式:实现发明的最佳方式

        Examples of use and modes of implementation

        使用示例和实现模式

5. Claims         （专利）权利要求、（专利）授予请求

        What exactly is the invention        到底是什么发明

Patent Preparation Process (USPTO) – 6 Steps

专利准备过程(USPTO) - 6步

1. Formulate a strategy & plan        制定战略和计划

2. Study prior inventions        学习研究现有的发明

3. Outline claims        概述权利要求

4. Write the description of the invention        写出发明的描述

5. Refine claims        完善权利要求

6. Pursue application        探索应用

1. Formulate a strategy and plan

Timing of patent applications        

专利申请时间

        US – you have one year after public disclosure to apply for patent

        美国——在公开披露之后，你有一年的时间申请专利

        Rest of world – must be applied for before public disclosure or within one year of a US application

        世界其他地区-必须在公开披露之前或在美国申请后一年内申请

        Advantage of waiting as long as possible before application is that the inventor knows much more about the invention and commercialisation and can therefore write the patent application more clearly and precisely

        在申请之前尽可能长时间等待的好处是，发明人对发明和商业化有了更多的了解，因此可以更清楚、更准确地写出专利申请

Decide on type of application        

决定申请的类型

        a) Regular patent application        普通专利申请

                A very detailed description of the patent        专利的详细描述

                Contains claims        包含权利要求

                Must comply with the formal structure of the patent application

                必须符合专利申请的正式结构

        b) Provisional patent application        临时专利申请

                Needs only to fully describe the invention        只需要对发明进行充分的描述

                It does not need to contain claims or comply with the formal structure and language of a regular patent application

                它不需要包含权利要求书，也不需要符合常规专利申请的正式结构和语言

                Therefore it is less costly and less effort to file        

                因此，它是更低的成本和更少的写文件的努力

                But still preserves all options to pursue further patent applications for a period of one year

                但在一年内仍保留进一步申请专利的所有选项

                Becomes ‘patent pending’

                变成了“专利未决”

Decide on scope of application

决定申请范围

        The invention team must evaluate the overall product design and decide which elements embody the invention that are likely to be more patentable

        发明团队必须评估整个产品设计，并决定包含哪些元素的发明更有可能获得专利

        Identification of elements that are novel and non-obvious is essential

        识别新颖和不明显的元素是至关重要的

        Focus on elements that present substantial barriers to competition

        关注那些对竞争构成实质性障碍的因素

        If the invention is complex, multiple patents may need to be filed

        如果发明很复杂，可能需要申请多个专利

        Must decide who the inventor is, failing to do so Formulate a can result in a patent being declared not valid

        必须决定发明人是谁，如果不这样做，就会导致专利被宣布无效

2. Study prior inventions (prior art)

By studying the prior (i.e. existing) patent literature, design teams can learn whether an invention may infringe existing unexpired patents

通过研究先前的(即现有的)专利文献，设计团队可以了解一项发明是否可能侵犯现有的未过期专利

By studying the prior art, the inventors get a sense of how similar their invention is to prior inventions and therefore how likely they are to be granted a broad patent

通过研究现有技术，发明者可以了解到他们的发明与先前的发明有多么相似，因此他们获得广泛专利的可能性有多大

The team will develop background knowledge enabling the members to craft novel claims

该团队将开发背景知识，使成员能够起草新颖的声明

3. Outline claims

Issuance of a patent gives the owner a legal right to exclude others from infringing on the invention specifically described in the patent’s claims

一项专利的颁发赋予专利所有人一种法律权利，以排除其他人对专利权利要求书中具体描述的发明的侵权

Claims describe certain characteristics of the invention

权利要求书描述了本发明的某些特征

        they are written in formal legal language and must adhere to some rules of composition

        它们是用正式的法律语言写的，必须遵守一些写作规则.

4. Write the description of the invention

The bulk of the patent application is known as the specification, or the description

专利申请的大部分被称为说明书或描述

This is the part that of the application that actually describes the invention

这是应用程序中描述发明的部分

The description must present the invention in enough detail that someone with ordinary skill in the art could implement the invention

描述必须足够详细地展示发明，以使具有普通技术的人能够实施发明

The description should also be a marketing document promoting the value of the invention and the weaknesses in existing solutions

描述还应该是一份推广发明价值和现有解决方案弱点的营销文档

A typical description includes the following elements        典型的描述包括以下元素

        1. Title - a short descriptive label for the invention        标题-本发明的简短描述性标签

        2. List of inventors        发明家列表

        3. Field of the invention        该项发明的领域

        4. Background of the invention        该发明的背景

        5. Summary of the invention        发明概要

        6. Brief description of the drawings        图纸的简要说明

        7. Detailed description of the invention        发明的详细说明

5. Refine claims

The claims are a set of numbered phrases that precisely define the essential elements of the invention

权利要求书是一组编号的短语，精确地定义了本发明的基本要素

The claims are the basis for all patent ‘offensive rights’

权利要求书是所有专利“进攻性权利”的基础

A patent owner can prevent others from practicing the invention described only by the claims

专利所有人可以阻止其他人实施仅由权利要求书描述的发明

        The rest of the patent application is essentially background and context for the claims

        专利申请的其余部分基本上是权利要求书的背景和上下文

Writing claims

Multiple claims are arranged hierarchically into independent claims and dependent claims

多重权利要求按层次结构安排为独立权利要求和从属权利要求

Independent claims stand alone and form the root nodes of a hierarchy of claims

独立权利要求独立存在，形成权利要求层次结构的根节点

Dependent claims add further restrictions to an independent claim

从属权利要求为独立权利要求添加了进一步的限制

To infringe on a claim, a device must include each and every element named in the claim

要侵犯一项权利要求，一种设备必须包括权利要求中所提到的每一个元素

If for example, a competitive product were to use only three of four elements named in a claim, it would not infringe on the claim

例如，如果一种竞争产品只使用权利要求书中列出的四种元素中的三种，它就不会侵犯权利要求书

        For example, if we used a shape other than the rectangular one named in this claim

        例如，如果我们使用一个形状，而不是在这个声明中命名的矩形

6. Pursue application

After the disclosure is prepared, the team can either:        在准备好公开资料后，团队可以:

        1. file a provisional patent application         提交临时专利申请

        2. file a regular patent application in their home country

        在他们的祖国提交常规的专利申请

        3. file a Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) application

        提交专利合作条约(PCT)申请

                A PCT application allows a single patent application in a single country, e.g. the UK, to start the process of getting international patent protection – it does not give an international patent

                PCT申请允许在单个国家(例如英国)的单个专利申请启动获得国际专利保护的程序——它不授予国际专利

        4. defer application indefinitely        无限期地推迟申请

Intellectual Property – Trademarks

知识产权-商标

Registered Trademarks        注册商标

        Definition: any sign which is capable —        任何满足以下条件的标志

        (a) of being represented in a clear and precise manner which enables others to determine the subject matter of the protection, and

        以一种清晰准确的方式呈现，使他人能够确定受保护的主题

        (b) of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.

        区分一个企业的货物或服务与其他企业的货物或服务。

It may consist of words (including personal names), designs, letters, numerals, colours, sounds or the shape of goods or their packaging (Trade Marks Act (1994, section 1(1)).

它可能包括文字(包括个人姓名)、图案、字母、数字、颜色、声音或商品的形状或其包装(《商标法》(1994年，第1(1)节)。

The essential function of a trademark is to exclusively identify the source or origin of products or services, so it serves as a badge of origin

商标的本质功能是专一地识别产品或服务的来源或产地，是一种原产地标识

Closely associates with business image, goodwill and reputation

与商业形象、商誉和声誉密切相关

Trademark exclusive rights arise from the use of the sign in relation to goods and services, it lasts 10 years after which it can be renewed repeatedly for as long as there are no objections

与商业形象、商誉和声誉密切相关

Trademarks – Requirements

商标——要求

Legal requirements for registration:        注册的法律规定:

        1. A sign        一个标志

        2. Distinctive as to origin        在起源上有特色的

        3. Capable of being represented in a clear and precise manner

        能以清晰和精确的方式表现出来的

Certain marks can never be registered – not a sign, not distinctive, descriptive, against public policy, deceptive, etc.

某些记号永远不能注册——不是标志，没有特色，没有描述性，反对公共政策，欺骗等。

Some marks cannot be registered because of preexisting identical or similar marks in the market

有些商标由于市场上已经存在相同或相似的商标而不能注册

Intellectual Property – Trade Secrets

Information is considered a trade secret if it:        信息在下列情况下被视为商业秘密:

        is secret – in the sense that it is not (as a body or in the precise configuration and assembly of its components) generally known among, or readily accessible to, persons within the circles that normally deal with this kind of information;

        是秘密的——从某种意义上说，它(作为一个主体或其组件的精确配置和组装)不为通常处理这类信息的圈子内的人所熟知或容易获得;

        has commercial value because it is secret; 

        因保密而具有商业价值

        has been subject to reasonable steps (under the circumstances) to keep it secret by the person lawfully in control of the information (EU Trade secret Directive)

        已采取合理步骤(在该情况下)，使合法掌握该资料的人对该资料保密(欧盟商业秘密指令)

Intellectual Property – Registered Designs

知识产权-注册外观设计

A registered design protects the external shape of the product

注册的设计保护了产品的外部形状

        Only the appearance given by its actual shape, configuration, pattern or ornament can be protected, not any underlying idea

        只有它的实际形状、配置、图案或装饰所赋予的外观才能被保护，而不是任何潜在的想法

It gives the owner the right to stop anyone copying the external design of their product, within their geographical jurisdiction (UK / EU)

它赋予所有者在其地理管辖范围内阻止任何人复制其产品外部设计的权利(英国/欧盟)

In the US similar protection exists under the concept of a design patent

在美国，类似的保护存在于外观设计专利的概念之下

The registration can last 25 years, but it must be renewed at five-yearly intervals

注册期限为25年，但必须每5年更新一次

To register a product design, it must be novel and possess individual character

注册一个产品设计，必须新颖，具有个性

The difference between a registered design and a patent is that the registered design protects the look of an object whereas a patent protects the way it works

注册的外观设计和专利的区别在于，注册的外观设计保护的是物体的外观，而专利保护的是物体的工作方式

You can use design registration to protect its shape and design and a patent to protect its functionality

您可以使用设计注册来保护其形状和设计，使用专利来保护其功能

Intellectual Property – Copyright

知识产权——版权

Copyright protection extends only to expressions, and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such

版权保护只延伸到表达式，而不是思想、程序、操作方法或数学概念本身

For copyright to exist, the work has to:        版权要存在，作品必须:

        originate from the author        源自作者

        fall within the protected subject matter        属于受保护标的

        it has to be fixed        它必须被修复

The originality requirement does not require the work to be the expression of an original idea, but the way that the idea is expressed must be original

原创性的要求并不要求作品必须表达原创的想法，但表达想法的方式必须是原创的

Copyright – Subject Matter

Original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, including computer programs and databases are protected by copyright for duration of the author’s life + 70 years after their death

原创文学、戏剧、音乐和艺术作品，包括计算机程序和数据库，受版权保护的期限为作者一生+死后70年

Sound recordings, films, broadcasts and cable programmes, the typographical arrangement or layout of a published edition are protected by related rights for 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work was first made available to the public (except for films)

录音、电影、广播和有线电视节目、出版版本的排印安排或版面，受相关权利保护，自该作品首次向公众开放的日历年年底起五十年(电影除外)

Copyright – Exclusive Rights

It arises automatically from the moment it has been first recorded and does not require any formal registration

它自首次记录时自动产生，不需要任何正式登记

Copyright grants exclusive rights such as to the right to reproduce the work, communicate it to the public, make it available, or distribute it

版权授予专有权利，如复制作品、向公众传播作品、使其可用或分发作品的权利

A sonata will be protected as an authorial work by copyright, a sound recording of the sonata will be protected by related rights

奏鸣曲将作为作者作品受到版权保护，奏鸣曲的录音将受到相关权利的保护

Copyright – Computer Programs and Data

Copyright protects the literal expression of computer programs – source code and object code – it does not protect the ideas underlying the computer program, functionality, programming language or data, which often have considerable commercial value

版权保护计算机程序的字面表达——源代码和目标代码——但不保护计算机程序、功能、编程语言或数据的思想，这些思想往往具有相当大的商业价值

Developing software requires considerable investment, however, they can be copied very easily and at a fraction of the cost needed to develop them

开发软件需要相当大的投资，然而，它们可以很容易地被复制，而且成本只是开发软件所需成本的一小部分

The collection and organisation of data can be protected separately as a database

数据的收集和组织可以作为一个数据库单独保护

Summary【定义总结之简略版】

Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.

知识产权是指头脑中的创造，如发明;文艺作品;设计;以及商业中使用的符号、名称和图像。

A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention. It provides the patent owner with the exclusive right to decide how - or whether - the invention can be used by others. In exchange for this right, the patent owner makes technical information about the invention publicly available in the published patent document.

专利是授予一项发明的专有权。它为专利所有人提供了决定他人如何或是否可以使用该发明的专有权。作为交换，专利所有人在公开的专利文件中公开有关发明的技术信息。

A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises.

商标是一种能够将一个企业的商品或服务与其他企业的商品或服务区别开来的标志。

Trade secrets are IP rights on confidential information which may be sold or licensed.

商业秘密是关于可以出售或许可的机密信息的知识产权。

A registered design protects the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of a product.

已注册的设计保护了产品的装饰性或美学方面。

Copyright provides exclusive rights to creators over their works.

已注册的设计保护了产品的装饰性或美学方面。