《计算机英语》Unit 1 Computer Overview 计算机概述

期末试卷组成

1、选择20道

2、判断20道

3、词汇翻译（单词+词组，参照课后习题）

4、翻译2道（一道原题，参照作业）

SectionA About Computer 关于计算机

algorithm          n.  算法 

operate          v.  操作 

digital           adj. 数字的 

integrated circuit          集成电路

chip          n.  芯片 

PC          个人电脑

embed system         嵌入式系统 

sensor                   n.  传感器

quantum           n.  量子

Computer science is the discipline that seeks to build a scientific foundation for such topics as computer design, computer programming, information processing, algorithmic solutions of problems, and the algorithmic process itself.

        计算机科学是一门旨在为计算机设计、计算机编程、信息处理、问题算法解决方案和算法过程本身等主题建立科学基础的学科。

It provides the underpinnings for today’s computer applications as well as the foundations for tomorrow’s computing infrastructure.
        它为当今的计算机应用提供了基础，同时也为未来的计算基础设施奠定了基础。

1. History 历史

词汇

discipline         n学科，纪律

infrastructure         n基础设施

algorithm          n.  算法 

genealogy         n系统学，系谱

operator         n操作员

gear         n齿轮

digital         a数字的

mechanically         adv机械的

difference         n差数，差别

demonstration         n演示，论证

analytical         a分析的

electronics         n电子学，电子器件

barrier         n障碍

vacumn         n真空

colossus         n巨人

decode         vi译码

flexible         a灵活的

integrator         n积分器

transistor         n晶体管

circuit         n电路

integrated         a集成的

cabinet         n橱柜，箱

encase         vt包装，装入

chip         n芯片

(1)Abacus 算盘

The machine is quite simple, consisting of beads strung on rods that are in turn mounted in a rectangular frame. As the beads are moved back and forth on the rods, their positions represent stored values.
        这台机器非常简单，由串在杆上的珠子组成，这些杆再固定在一个矩形框架中。当珠子在杆上来回移动时，它们的位置代表存储的值。

For control of an algorithm’s execution, the machine relies on the human operator. Thus the abacus alone is merely a data storage system.
        对于算法执行的控制，这台机器依赖于人类操作员。因此，算盘本身仅仅是一个数据存储系统。

(2)Adding Machine 加法机

This device employed a series of ten-toothed wheels, each tooth representing a digit from 0 to 9, with data being input mechanically by establishing initial gear positions.

Output was achieved by observing the final gear positions.
        该设备采用了一系列的十齿轮，每个齿代表0到9的数字，数据通过机械方式输入，通过设置初始齿轮位置。通过观察最终的齿轮位置来获得输出。

(3)Difference Engine、Analytical Engine 差分机、分析机

Analytical Engine was designed to read instructions in the form of holes in paper cards.
        分析机被设计为读取纸卡上的孔形式的指令。

Thus Babbage’s Analytical Engine was programmable. In fact, Augusta Ada Byron, who published a paper in which she demonstrated how Babbage’s Analytical Engine could be programmed to perform various computations, is often identified today as the world’s first programmer.
        因此，巴贝奇的分析机是可编程的。实际上，奥古斯塔·阿达·拜伦发表了一篇论文，其中她展示了如何对巴贝奇的分析机进行编程以执行各种计算，今天她通常被认为是世界上第一位程序员。

Charles Babbage was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage, along with Ada Byron, is best remembered for originating the concept of a programmable computer.
        查尔斯·巴贝奇是一位英国博学家。作为数学家、哲学家、发明家和机械工程师，巴贝奇与阿达·拜伦一起，最被人们记住的是提出了可编程计算机的概念。

(4)Electronic Computer 电子计算机

The technology of the time was unable to produce the complex gear-driven machines of Pascal, Leibniz, and Babbage in a financially feasible manner.
        当时的技术无法以经济可行的方式生产帕斯卡、莱布尼茨和巴贝奇复杂的齿轮驱动机器。

But with the advances in electronics in the early 1900s, this barrier was overcome. Some researchers were applying the technology of vacuum tubes to construct totally electronic computers.
        但是随着20世纪初电子学的进步，这一障碍被克服了。一些研究人员正在应用电子管技术来构建完全电子化的计算机。

Atanasoff-Berry machine 阿塔纳索夫-贝瑞机

The first of these machines was apparently the Atanasoff-Berry machine, constructed during the period from 1937 to 1941 at Iowa State College by John Atanasoff and his assistant, Clifford Berry.

        这些机器中的第一台显然是阿塔纳索夫-贝瑞机，由约翰·阿塔纳索夫和他的助手克利福德·贝瑞在1937年至1941年期间在爱荷华州立学院建造。

Colossus 巨人机

Another was a machine called Colossus, used by the team headed by Alan Turing to decode German messages during the latter part of World War II.

        另一台是被称为巨人的机器，由艾伦·图灵领导的团队在第二次世界大战后期用来解码德国的信息。

ENIAC 电子数值积分器和计算器（考点）

Other, more flexible machines was developed, such as the ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and calculator).

        还开发了其他更灵活的机器，如ENIAC（电子数值积分器和计算器）。

(5)Integrated Circuits 集成电路

The history of computing machines has been closely linked to advancing technology, including the invention of transistors and the subsequent development of circuits constructed as single units, called integrated circuits.
        计算机的历史与技术进步密切相关，包括晶体管的发明以及随后作为单个单元构建的电路的发展，称为集成电路。

With these developments, the room-sized machines of the 1940s were reduced over the decades to the size of single cabinets while the processing power of computing machines began to double every two years.
        随着这些发展，20世纪40年代占据整个房间的机器在几十年间缩小到了单个柜子的大小，而计算机的处理能力开始每两年翻一番。

As work on integrated circuitry progressed, many of the circuits within a computer became readily available on the open market as integrated circuits encased in toy-sized blocks of plastic called chips.
        随着集成电路工艺的发展，计算机内部的许多电路以集成电路的形式在公开市场上广泛可用，它们被封装在玩具大小的塑料块中，称为芯片。

2. Modern Computer 现代计算机

词汇

personal computer        个人计算机
Desktop        台式电脑
Laptop        笔记本电脑
Palmtop/ tablet        掌上电脑/平板电脑
Microcomputer        微型计算机
Workstation        工作站
Minicomputer        小型计算机
Mainframe        大型机
supercomputer        超级计算机

maze        n错综复杂，迷惑

sift        v筛查，审查

categories        v分类

miniaturization         n小型化，微型化

embed         v嵌入

DeskTop 台式计算机

A major step toward popularizing computing was the development of desktop computers. 
        实现计算普及的一个重大步骤是台式计算机的发展。
In 1981, IBM introduced its first desktop computer, called the personal computer, or PC, whose underlying software was developed by a newly formed company known as Microsoft. The PC was an instant success. 
        1981年，IBM推出了其第一台台式计算机，称为个人计算机或PC，其基础软件由一家新成立的公司微软开发。PC一炮而红。
Today, the term PC is widely used to refer to all those machines (from various manufacturers) whose design has evolved from IBM’s initial desktop computer. At times, however, the term PC is used interchangeably with the generic terms desktop or laptop.
        今天，PC这个术语被广泛用来指代所有那些（来自不同制造商）的设计从IBM最初的台式计算机演变而来的机器。然而，有时PC这个术语与通用术语台式电脑或笔记本电脑互换使用。

Internet 互联网 (考点)

As the twentieth century drew to a close, the ability to connect individual computers in a world-wide system called the Internet was revolutionizing communication. 
        当20世纪即将结束时，将个人计算机连接在一个名为互联网的世界性系统中的能力正在彻底改变通信方式。
A British scientist Tim Berners-Lee proposed a system by which documents stored on computers throughout the Internet could be linked together producing a maze of linked information called the World Wide Web (shortened to “Web”). 
        一位英国科学家蒂姆·伯纳斯-李提出了一个系统，该系统可以将存储在互联网上计算机中的文档链接在一起，形成一个称为万维网（简称为“Web”）的链接信息迷宫。
To make the information on the Web accessible, software systems, called search engines, were developed to “sift through” the Web, “categorize” their findings, and then use the results to assist users researching particular topics. 
        为了使Web上的信息易于获取，开发了称为搜索引擎的软件系统，以“筛选”Web，“分类”他们的发现，然后使用结果帮助用户研究特定主题。

Embedded 嵌入式

As the desktop computers were being accepted and used in homes, the miniaturization of computing machines continued. Today, tiny computers are embedded within various devices. 
        随着台式计算机被家庭接受和使用，计算机的小型化仍在继续。如今，微小的计算机被嵌入到各种设备中。
For example, automobiles now contain small computers running Global Positioning Systems (GPS), monitoring the function of the engine, and providing voice command services for controlling the car’s audio and phone communication systems.
        例如，汽车现在包含运行全球定位系统（GPS）的小计算机，监控发动机的功能，并为控制汽车的音频和电话通信系统提供语音命令服务。

3. Smartphone 智能手机

词汇

smartPhone         n智能手机

portable        a轻便的，手提的

sensor         n传感器

compass         n指南针，罗盘

accelerometer         n加速器

familiarity        n熟悉，精通

exert         vt发挥，行使

quo         n现状

proliferation         n增殖，扩散

Perhaps the most potentially revolutionary application of computer miniaturization is found in the expanding capabilities of portable telephones.
        计算机小型化最具潜在革命性的应用可能在于便携式电话功能的不断扩大。

Recently, merely a telephone has evolved into a small hand-held general purpose computer known as a smartphone on which telephony is only one of many applications.
        最近，仅仅是一部电话已经演变成为一台小型手持通用计算机，称为智能手机，其中电话功能只是众多应用之一。

These “phones” are equipped with a rich array of sensors and interfaces including cameras, microphones, compasses, touch screens, accelerometers (to detect the phone’s orientation and motion), and a number of wireless technologies to communicate with other smartphones and computers.
        这些“手机”配备了丰富的传感器和接口，包括摄像头、麦克风、指南针、触摸屏、加速度计（用于检测手机的方向和运动），以及一些无线技术，用于与其他智能手机和计算机通信。

The potential is enormous. Indeed, many argue that the smartphone will have a greater effect on society than the PC.

        潜力是巨大的。事实上，许多人认为智能手机对社会的影响将大于个人电脑。

The miniaturization of computers and their expanding capabilities have brought computer technology to the forefront of today’s society. Computer technology is so prevalent now that familiarity with it is fundamental to being a member of modern society.

        计算机的小型化及其不断扩展的能力使计算机技术成为当今社会的核心。计算机技术现在如此普遍，熟悉它是成为现代社会成员的基础。

Computing technology has altered the ability of governments to exert control; had enormous impact on global economics; led to startling advances in scientific research; revolutionized the role of data collection, storage, and applications; provided new means for people to communicate and interact; and has repeatedly challenged society’s status quo.

        计算机技术改变了政府行使控制的能力；对全球经济产生了巨大影响；在科学研究中取得了惊人的进步；彻底改变了数据收集、存储和应用的角色；为人们提供了新的通信和互动方式；并不断挑战社会的现状。

The result is a proliferation of subjects surrounding computer science, each of which is now a significant field of study in its own right. Indeed, an introduction to computer science is an interdisciplinary undertaking.

        结果是围绕计算机科学的学科大量涌现，每一个学科现在都是一个重要的独立研究领域。的确，计算机科学导论是一个跨学科的事业。

4.Quantum Computer 量子计算机

词汇

quantan         n量子

qubit         abbr量子位

synchronise         v同步，同时发生

quantan effect        量子效应

entanglement         n纠缠，缠绕物

prototype         n原型

In the University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese scientists have established the quantum computer prototype (see Figure 1A-3), named "Jiuzhang", via which up to 76 photons were detected.

        在中国科学技术大学，中国科学家建立了量子计算机原型（见图1A-3），名为“九章”，通过该原型检测到了多达76个光子。

The photo below released on Dec. 4, 2020 shows a quantum computer prototype operates.

        2020年12月4日发布的下图显示了量子计算机原型的运行情况。

练习A1（知识点填空）

1. Computer science provides the underpinnings for today's computer applications as well as the foundations for tomorrow's computing infrastructure._
   计算机科学为当今的计算机应用提供了基础，同时也为未来的计算基础设施奠定了基础。

2. The first adding machine, a precursor of the mechanical computer, was devised in 1642 by Blaise Pascal.
   第一台加法机，作为机械计算机的前身，是在1642年由布莱兹·帕斯卡设计的。

3. In fact, Augusta Ada Byron is often identified today as the world's first programmer.
   事实上，奥古斯塔·阿达·拜伦今天常被认为是世界上第一位程序员。

4. Integrated circuits encased in toy-sized blocks of plastic called chips.
   集成电路被封装在玩具大小的塑料块中，称为芯片。

5. In 1981, IBM introduced its first desktop computer, called the personal computer or PC.
   1981年，IBM推出了其第一台台式计算机，称为个人计算机或PC。

6. The ability to connect individual computers in a world-wide system called the Internet was revolutionizing communication.
   将个人计算机连接在一个全球系统中的能力，称为互联网，正在彻底改变通信方式。

7. Smartphones are equipped with a rich array of sensors and interfaces including cameras, microphones, compasses, touch screens, accelerometers and a number of wireless technologies.
   智能手机配备了丰富的传感器和接口，包括摄像头、麦克风、指南针、触摸屏、加速度计和一些无线技术。

8. Computing technology has altered the ability of governments to exert control; had enormous impact on global economics.
   计算机技术已经改变了政府行使控制的能力；对全球经济产生了巨大的影响。

练习A2（词汇翻译） 

 

1. algorithm - 算法
2. encode - 编码
3. programming - 编程
4. software - 软件
5. hardware - 硬件
6. computing - 计算
7. the personal computer, or PC - 个人计算机，或称PC
8. Internet - 互联网
9. operator - 操作员
10. vacuum tube - 电子管
11. transistor - 晶体管
12. integrated circuit - 集成电路
13. chip - 芯片
14. World Wide Web - 万维网
15. search engine - 搜索引擎
16. embed - 嵌入
17. smartphone - 智能手机
18. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) - 全球定位系统（GPS）
19. sensor - 传感器
20. quantum bit - 量子比特
21. quantum effect - 量子效应

翻译（华为手表GT3）

Huawei WATCH GT3

华为WATCH GT3

On November 17, 2021, Huawei unveiled its new smartwatch with a 46mm dial, 1.43 inch AMOLED HD color screen,11mm thick, weighing only 42.6g and a native Hongmeng Harmony OS operating system.

        2021年11月17日，华为推出了新款智能手表，配备46毫米表盘、1.43英寸AMOLED高清彩色屏幕，厚度11毫米，重量仅为42.6克，配备鸿蒙操作系统。

This digital wristwatch features a rotating crown and a microphone，is syncced to a cellphone, allowing users to answer calls and receive text messages from their wrists.

        这款数字腕表的特点是配有可旋转的表冠和一个麦克风，可与手机同步，使用户能够在手腕上接听电话和接收短信。

It can track workouts and use an array of Apps, support GPS, Beidou, GLONASS, Galileo, and QZSS positioning, stable and anti-interference.

        它可以追踪锻炼情况，使用各种应用程序，支持GPS、北斗、GLONASS、伽利略和QZSS定位，稳定且抗干扰。

Huawei WATCH GT3 series has added altitude blood oxygen monitoring.

        华为WATCH GT3系列增加了高原血氧监测功能。

In the altitude care mode, the WATCH can monitor changes in altitude and blood oxygen saturation, and provide risk assessment of altitude sickness, respiratory training guidance, and health advice.

         在高度关怀模式下，手表可以监测海拔高度变化和血氧饱和度，并提供高原病风险评估、呼吸训练指导和健康建议。

SectionB Storage 存储器

词汇

pattern         n模式

binary        n二进制

punctuation        n标点

flip-flops        n正反器

reservoir        n贮藏

RAM（Random access memory）        随机存取存储器

volatility        n易失性，挥发性

flash driver         闪存驱动器

archival        a档案的

Magnetic Systems 磁性系统

Optical Systems 光学系统

reflective         a反射的

variation         n变化

retrieve        vi检索

irregularity        n不规则

versatile        a多用途的

Blu-ray        蓝光

violet        n紫色

spectrum        n光谱，频谱

BD        蓝光盘（Blu-ray Disks）

Flash Drivers 闪存驱动器(考点)

the vulnerability of their tiny storage chambers dictates that they are not as reliable as optical disks for truly long term applications.

它们微小储存室的脆弱性决定了它们在真正的长期应用中不如光盘可靠。

vulnerability        n弱点，漏洞

chamber         n房间

SD（Secure Digital）memory card         安全数字存储卡

rigged        a装配的

wafer        n薄片

slip into        塞进

slot        n槽

SSD（Solid-State Drive）       固态硬盘

HDD（Hard Disk Drive）        机械硬盘

Solid-state memory 固态存储

consumption        n消费，消耗

vibration        n震动

resistance        n抵抗，反对

ultra        a超级，极端

练习B1（知识点填空） 

1. Computers information is encoded as patterns of 0s and 1s which are called bits.
   计算机信息被编码为0和1的模式，这些被称为位。

2. A string of eight bits is called a byte.
   8位的一串称为一个字节。

3. To identify individual cells in a computer's main memory, each cell is assigned a unique “name,” called its address.
   为了识别计算机主存中的单个单元，每个单元都被分配了一个独特的“名称”，称为它的地址。

4. A computer's main memory is often called random access memory（RAM）.
   计算机的主存储器通常被称为随机存取存储器（RAM）。

5. Most computers have additional memory devices called mass storage systems, including magnetic disks, CDs, DVDs, magnetic tapes, and flash drivers.
   大多数计算机都有额外的存储设备，称为海量存储系统，包括磁盘、CD、DVD、磁带和闪存驱动器。

6. BDs（Blu-ray Disks）provides over five times the capacity of a DVD.
   蓝光光盘提供了超过DVD五倍的容量。

7. Another application of flash technology is found in SD(Secure Digital) memory cards, which are ideal for digital cameras, smartphones, music players, car navigation systems, and a host of other electronic appliances.
   另一种闪存技术的应用是在安全数字存储卡中发现的，这些存储卡非常适合数码相机、智能手机、音乐播放器、汽车导航系统以及许多其他电子设备。

练习B2（词汇翻译）  

1. digit - 数字
2. binary - 二进制
3. main memory - 主存储器（主存）
4. byte - 字节
5. address - 地址
6. RAM (Random Access Memory) - 随机存取存储器
7. mass storage - 海量存储
8. flash drive - 闪存驱动器（U盘）
9. compact disk - 光盘（CD）
10. DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) - 数字多功能光盘
11. Blu-ray Disk - 蓝光光盘
12. SD Card (Secure Digital Card) - 安全数字卡
13. solid-state memory - 固态存储器
14. vibration resistance - 抗震性
15. ultra-high speed - 超高速