计算机编程语言历史_早期编程语言的历史

计算机编程语言历史

From Babbage to Babel and Beyond is an article written by Linda Weiser Friedman. This text is a summary of her article that reviews the history of computer programming languages. She describes four ‘generations’ of software starting with machine code through to different languages, paradigms and environments.

从巴贝奇(Babbage)到《通天塔别》(Babel and Beyond)，都是琳达·维泽·弗里德曼(Linda Weiser Friedman)撰写的文章。 本文是她的文章的摘要，该文章回顾了计算机编程语言的历史。 她描述了软件的四个“世代” ，从机器代码到不同的语言，范例和环境。

According to Friedman in the 90’s (the time of writing) some of the oldest programming languages were the most popular ones. She mentions FORTRAN and COBOL in particular. She also argues that:

根据弗里德曼(Friedman)的说法，在90年代(撰写本文时)，一些最古老的编程语言是最受欢迎的编程语言。 她特别提到了FORTRAN和COBOL。 她还认为：

“To study high-level programming languages by examining only the state of such languages as they exist today would be incomplete.”

“仅通过检查当今语言的状态来研究高级编程语言是不完整的。”

She asks the question.

她问这个问题。

• Why did high-level languages evolve?
  为什么高级语言会发展？
• Why are we not still programming in machine code?
  为什么我们还不使用机器代码编程？

Early programming languages have a lot of influence on later ones. Many programming languages have similar constructs.

早期的编程语言对后来的语言有很大的影响。 许多编程语言具有类似的构造。

Perhaps it is important to examine previous languages.

检查以前的语言也许很重要。

She refers to a series of previous studies. Amongst them Knuth who has studied mathematical and numerical algorithms from antiquity to the modern era. From describing ‘static functional relationships’ ( such as equations in mathematics) to notations for a dynamic process (algorithms).

她提到了一系列先前的研究。 其中包括研究古代和现代数学和数值算法的Knuth。 从描述“静态函数关系”(例如数学方程式)到动态过程的符号(算法)。

“Often, in order to denote an algorithm as an input-output transformation, one would simply express it as y=f(x), where x is the input variable, y is the output variable, and f is the abstract (or “black box”) model, the (possibly numerical) algorithm.”

“通常，为了将一种算法表示为一种输入-输出转换，可以将其简单地表示为y = f(x)，其中x是输入变量，y是输出变量，f是抽象变量(或“黑盒”)模型，(可能是数字算法)。”

She claims that Algorithms have been ‘wordy’ and ‘imprecise’ before entering an examination of early computing hardware and software.

她声称算法在进入对早期计算硬件和软件的检查之前是“冗长的”和“不精确的”。

分析引擎 (The Analytics Engine)

The earliest known computer is acknowledged to be Charles Babbage’s design for an Analytic Engine in 1834. It was designed to provide changeable sequence of numerical operations and internal storage of data. It could not be built in his lifetime, but still his collaborator Lady Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace(and daughter of the poet Lord Byron), coded programs for it.

最早的已知计算机是1834年Charles Babbage为解析引擎设计的。它的设计目的是提供可变的数值运算顺序和内部数据存储。 它无法在他的一生中建造，但他的合作者Lovelace的伯爵夫人(也是诗人拜伦勋爵的女儿)的奥古斯塔·阿达夫人仍为其编写了程序。

Machine-code operations on Babbage’s machine were of the form:

巴贝奇机器上的机器代码操作的形式为：

• V~ × V2= V3, with operations(e.g. the multiply operation)and variable.
  V〜×V2 = V3，具有运算(例如乘法运算)和变量。
• It used punchcards (Jacquards).
  它使用了打Kong卡(提花)。
• Cards were fed into a machine and worked on internal data.
  卡被送入机器并处理内部数据。
• Conditioned inside to accommodate conditional ‘jumps’ (done by physically jumping over cards).
  在内部进行调节以适应有条件的“跳跃”(通过物理跳过卡片来完成)。

Lady Lovelace thinking about the repetitive sequences of operations is therefore credited to have innovated the concept of a loop or repetition construct.

因此，洛夫莱斯夫人(Lady Lovelace)考虑到重复的操作序列，就可以说是创新了循环或重复结构的概念。

Babbage can be credited as the first computer architect, and Lovelace as the first computer programmer.

Babbage可以被认为是第一位计算机架构师，而Lovelace可以被认为是第一位计算机程序员。

EDVAC (EDVAC)

It was not before 1945 that stored-program computer was described and implemented. This occurred with the University of Pennsylvania of John von Neumann's: "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC".

直到1945年，才描述并实现了存储程序计算机。 宾夕法尼亚大学约翰·冯·诺伊曼(John von Neumann)撰写的《 EDVAC报告初稿》就是这样。

The EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Arithmetic Computer) describes a processor coupled with primary storage.

EDVAC(电子离散变量算术计算机)描述了与主存储器耦合的处理器。

This configuration has become known as the von Neumann architecture:

此配置已称为von Neumann体系结构：

“…describes a configuration in which the processor is tightly coupled to primary storage, primary storage is large enough to store vast amounts of data along with the program code and operations are executed sequentially without the parallelism that was needed on earlier machines to counteract their extremely limited storage capabilities.”

“…描述了一种配置，其中处理器与主存储器紧密耦合，主存储器足够大，可以存储大量数据以及程序代码，并且操作是按顺序执行的，而没有早期机器所需的并行度来抵消它们的极端运行有限的存储能力。”

硬件发展 (Developments in Hardware)

Friedman (1992) constructed a frame to help gain an overview of the development of hardware. This looks like the following:

Friedman(1992)构建了一个框架，以帮助获得对硬件开发的概述。 如下所示：

She describes this as a historical overview of computer machinery from early experimental projects to Japan’s Fifth Generation Project.

她将其描述为从早期实验项目到日本第五代项目的计算机机械的历史​​概述。

The first electronic computer for commercial use on the list is the Remington Rand’s UNIVAC from 1951. The first was purchased by the U.S. Department of the Census. This was based on vacuum tubes.

清单中第一台用于商业用途的电子计算机是雷明顿·兰德(Remington Rand)于1951年推出的UNIVAC。第一台由美国人口普查局购买。 这是基于真空管。

The later computers were characterised by new and different technology:

后来的计算机以新技术和不同技术为特征：

1. Transistors.
   晶体管。
2. Integrated circuits.
   集成电路。
3. Large-scale integration.
   大规模整合。

Apparently in 1951 with the installation of the UNIVAC it was predicted that 12 computers would be in the U.S. by 1975. They were quite wrong. By 1975 there were 155,000 computers in use. By the end of 1989 this figure was up to 54 million.

显然在1951年安装UNIVAC时，据预测到1975年美国将有12台计算机。这是完全错误的。 到1975年，已使用了155,000台计算机。 到1989年底，这一数字已高达5400万。

Friedman goes on to described software generations as a ladder:

Friedman继续将软件世代描述为阶梯：

Model by Friedman.

弗里德曼(Friedman)的模型。

第一代软件-机器语言编程 (First software generation — machine language programming)

Friedman discusses software in four