专升本紧急英语语法

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最新推荐文章于 2024-05-06 17:20:22 发布

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英语语法

词语

句子成分(详细版)

主语>一句话的main part

谓语>说明主语的action或condition

表语>跟系动词构成状态型谓语-系表结构

宾语>动作的对象或承受者-及物动词后的词语

宾补>补充说明宾语，使其意思更加完整

状语>修饰谓语，说明谓语情况

定语>修饰或限定名词的词语，偶尔修饰代词

同位语>跟前面的词语指代同一个人或事物

做主语的词语

1.名词

Sichuan’s men are friendly

Yuefei is a sailor

the worker is healthy

2.人称代词主格

I am a reporter

he is a sailor

3.其他可以做主语的词语

数词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语、其他、句子

🔻: one 、to eat bread、 eating breakfast、

做谓语的词语

1.动作型谓语

普通动词（一个单词具有动词词性）

look，bathe(洗澡)，dance，like

复合动词(动词短语/动词词组)

🔻 : get up，look after(照顾)

example sentence:

I dance every day

I get up at seven

2.状态型谓语

系动词+表语

系动词=be(is/are/am/was/were…)

表语说明主语的action or condition

表语=形容词、名词、介词短语、部分副词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语、分词、句子

example sentence:

he is poor (形容词)

we are bakers (名词)

I am in Sichuan (介词短语)

做宾语的词语

宾语为及物动词后面的词语

做宾语的词语和做主语的词语一致

做宾语的代词必须用代词宾格

🔻: 名词、代词宾语、动词不定式短语、动名词短语、句子、数词、其他

example sentence:

I like Yuefei (人名)

I like Sichuan (地名)

I like the dog (普通名词)

I like her (人称代词)

I like swimming (动名词或短语)

I like to study (动名词不定式或短语)

做宾补的词语

宾补是在宾语后面的词语

🔻: 形容词、名词、副词、介词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语、句子、数词、其他

example sentence:

I make her happy

I give her a bag

做状语的词语

主谓宾中: 主语>谓语>宾语>状语 ----状语修饰谓语

主系表中: 主语>系动词>表语>状语 ----状语修饰状态型谓语(系动词+表语)

能做状语的主要有介词短语和副词

example sentence:

I bake bread in Sichuan (地点状语)

I bake bread here (地点状语)

I am sad in Sichuan (地点状语)

I am anger here (地点状语)

做定语的词语

前置定语: my book

后置定语: on the table

形容词性物主代词作前置定语: my book

形容词作前置定语: good books

名词所有格作前置定语: Yuefei’s book

数词作前置定语: three books

名词作前置定语: English book

量词作前置定语: a bottle of water

指示代词作前置定语: this book

做同位语的词语

Yuefei, the fat man ,is my teacher.

同一个人，同位语

the cap ,the green thing on the table, is Yuefei’s

同一个事物，同位语

句型结构

主语+谓语+状语-----不及物动词

主语+系动词+表语+状语

主语+谓语+宾语+状语-----及物动词

主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语+状语-----双宾动词

主语+谓语+宾语+宾补+状语-----特定及物动词

名词

名词的定义: 世间万物的名称

名词的分类:

专有名词=人名、地名、其他专有名词

普通名词=可数名词/不可数名词

普通名词

可数名词: 字典规范可数 >单数格式(book)/复数格式(books)

不可数名词: 字典规范不可数>不进行变化

✒️ 有同为可数和不可数

部分可数名词变化规则

format	example sentence
可数名词词尾+s	book > books
字母以s、sh、x、ch结尾+es	box > boxes
辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i +es	city > cities
字母f或f e结尾，变f/f e为v +es	knife > knives
辅音字母+o结尾，+es	potato > potatoes

部分不可数变化

man-men

mouse-mice

goose-geese

child-children

量词修饰

(1)A/ an/ one+可数名词单数+ of 🔻: a cup of 一杯 a bucket of 一桶

(2)数词(2或以上)+可数名词的复数+of 🔻: two bottles of 瓶 three tins of 罐

✒️ 量词修饰可数名词复数 — a basket of apples 对 a basket of apple 错

(3)量词前面可以没有数词、冠词、或者加上形容词或其他限定词

packets or tins of

a full cup of

this cup of

📜可数名词用many 多 few 没有 a few 一点儿修饰

📜不可数名词用much多 little 没有 a little 一点儿修饰

📜不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数

名词作用

作主语>The book is old

作表语>she is my girlfriend

作宾语>I like pears

作宾补>I call him Uncle Tom

作前置定语> English book

名词作介词宾语>

名词作同位语>

名词注意问题

📜一个可数名词不能单独出现在句子中，需要加限定词(形容词性物主代词、指示代词、’s的所有格，数词等等)或加冠词，或变复数，🔻: teacher=> teachers /a teacher/my teacher/teacher’s

名词所有格

表示从属关系的定语

名词所有格格式:

有生命的名词

+'s(" 's "相当于中文“的”)

其中有生命指：人和动物

当有生命的可数名词变为名词所有格：先确认冠词/限定词/复数，然后+'s

🔻:

teacher=>可数名词

my teacher=>加限定词

my teacher’s=>加’s

专有名词直接+'s

Yuefei’s = 岳飞的

有生命的名词做所有格为前置定语

my teacher’s car

无生命的名词所有格

of+名词（“of”=“的”）

其中无生命指的是：物体或抽象概念

当无生命的可数名词变为名词所有格：先确认冠词/限定词/复数，然后在前面+of

of the house = 这个房子的

动词

v. 动作或状态，做谓语或非谓语

实意

复数本身，单数（第三人称）v +s/es

变形

原型	单三	过去式	过去分词	现在分词
do	does	did	done	doing

分类

及物v => vt => 直接加宾语 🔻：I miss you

不及物v => vi => 不直加宾语 🔻：I sleep => 加介词 => I sleep with you

谓语v ：

非谓语v： to do/ doing/ done

形容词和副词

定义

形容词 adj 修饰 名词和代词 作定语 “xx的” he is a [nice] boy

副词 adv 修饰动词做状语 “xx地” he run [quickly]

三级比较

形容词和副词都有三级变化

原级：本身；比较级：adj/adv+er；最高级：adj/adv+est

原级	比较级	最高级
long	longer	longest
big	bigger	biggest
nice	nicer	nicest
happy	happier	happiest
beautiful	more beautiful	most beautiful

介词

prep

介词有：for/in/at/with/from/by …搭配词

prep + n/pron[代词]/doing

搭配短语

📜result[结果] in :导致=>lead to

result[结果] from:因为 => tanks to

代词

pron

分类

人称代词

主格	宾格
you	you
I	me
he	him
she	her
it	it
we	us
they	them

不定代词

some,any,no,every,neither

数词

基数词: one \ two

序数词: the first / second/ third/ last/ next

📜百分数:

eighty five percent => 85%

half => 50% => 1/2

quarter => 25%

📜分数:

分子前，分母后

分子基，分母序

分子>1,分母加s

1/3 => one third

2/3 => two thirds

冠词

限定名词的范围

定冠词: the => 特指

不定冠词: a/an => 泛指

连词

conj

链接句子和句中成分

从属连词: w-[以w开头]/t-/h-/if/unless/because

并列连词: and/ but/ however

句子成分

时态

定义：在英语中，谓语动词随时间变化而改变形态

时间：现在、过去、将来、过将

形态：一般、进行、完成、完进

状态 \ 时间	现在	过去	将来	过去将来
一般	do/does [ia/am/are]	did [was/were]	will/shall do	would do
现在进行时[be doing]	is/am/are doing	was/were doing	will be doing	would be doing
完成时[have done]	have/has done	had done	wiil have done	would have done
完成进行时[have been doing]	have/has been doing	had been doing	will have been doing	would have been doing

一般现在时

主语+do/does[am/is/are]+其他

定义:⏲经常反复发生的动作

提示语

often=usually=always/today/sometime/everday

客观真理事实用一般现在时

📜one and one is two

the teacher told me that one and one is two

the teacher told me 主句时态为过去

one and one is two 从句是客观真理事实用现在时

主将从现

主句谓语用一般将来时[will do]

从句谓语用一般现在时[do/does;am/is/are]

前提条件:时间/条件状语从句[时间:when/as soon as= the time = the moment=>一…就、条件:on condition that = provided 如果/as long as 只要]

✒️ when[时间] I grow up[从句用现在] I will marry you[主语为将来]

固定句型

the more + 主语+ 谓语，the more + 主语+ 谓语=>越…就…

📜 the more 成对出现

more 代指一切 adj/adv 比较级

语序主+谓

✒️ the more I eat,the happier I am

一般过去时

形式：主+did[was/were]+其他

定义: ⏲过去发生的动作或状态

提示语

yesterday,last+n,in the past,age 以前,in+过去年份

used短语

used to do 过去常常

be used to do= be used for doing 被用来

be used to doing 习惯做

进行时

现在进行时：⏲现在某个时间点/段正在进行的动作 am/is/are doing

过去进行时：⏲过去某个时间点/段正在进行的动作 was/were doing

提示语[现在进行时]

now / at the moment

无进行时的短语

belong to 属于

consist 包括

come true 实现

happen = take plae 发生

take off起飞

while+be doing来强调一种延续的动作

✒️ while i ____(watch) TV,my mom cooks

当主句为现在时，从句用现在现在进行时

while i am watching TV,my mom cooks

当主句为过去时，从句用过去进行时

while i was watching TV,my mom cooked

将来时

一般将来时：⏲以现在看会发生在将来的动作 will/shall do

过去将来时：⏲以过去看会发生在将来的动作 would do

✒️ be going/about to do 也表示将来

提示语[一般将来时]

tomorrow、next+n[时间名词]、in the future, in + 将来年份

短暂性动词

come 、go 、leave、arrive、start [用进行时表将来]

✒️I’m coming( be doing表将来)

📜列车时刻表发生的动作用一般现在时

✒️the train ____(leave) at 9:00 at night

💼

am watching

leaves

完成时态

现在完成时：have/has done

⏲表示的是在过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的动作)状态,
或者发生在过去却对现在造成的影响

过去完成时：had done

⏲ 表示过去某一时间前就已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件:

将来完成时：will have done

⏲ 将来的某一时间开始,延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态

提示语[时态标志]

现在完成时

for +时间/ since + 时间/ recently=lately/ already[已经]/

ever/ so far/ yet/ these days/ in the last few years

✒️I ____ (work)here for 4 years

完成时

by/up to/till/until 到…时候

📜by + [现在时间 now => have/has done /过去时间 last+n=>had done /将来时间 next +n/this+n/following+n=>will have done]

✒️ by the end of last weak,I ____(finish) the book

by与主将从现双重考点

📜 by the time[conj] + 主语+ do/does,主语 + will/shall[] have done [by the time 当]

三胞胎

hardly had sb done when sb did

scarcely had sb done when sb did

no sooner had sb done than sb did

📜 搭配+时态+倒装

我一见你就笑

hardly had I ____(see)you when I ____(smile)[主句用didi从句用done]

主语+am/is/are+序数词/adj最高级+n+that+主+have/has done

✒️this is the most wondrful film that I have seen

this was the most wondrful film that I had seen

💼

have worked

had finished

seen smiled

语态

定义：主谓间的逻辑关系

主语=>主动发出动作=>主动 [i like apples]

主语=>被迫承受动作=>被动 [apples are liked by me]

被动语态结构: be done

✒️解析:

be [am/is/are/was/were/been …]

done(一切及物动词过去分词)

📜无被动语态的vi短语

belong to/come true/ consist of/happen = take place/take off[发生]

📜need doing sth = need to do sth [需要做]

be worth doing sth[值得做]

✒️the floor needs cleaning/ to be cleaned

the book is worth reading

被动语态在时态的运用

九大谓语被动结构

⏲

一般现在时：am/is/are done

一般过去时: was/were done

一般将来：wiil be done

过去将来时： would be done

现在进行时：am/is/are being done

过去进行时：was/were being done

现在完成时：has/have been done

过去完成时：had been done

将来完成时： will have been done

📜

the meeting____(hold) last night

the meeting ____ (hold )next week

✒️总结

提示语

固定用法（主将从现/used/by the time/三胞胎）

看句中其他谓语时态

语境（翻译）

考虑被动

✒️例句

when I got home,I found that the key ____ (leave) in the office

📜短暂性动词不和一段时间连用

come/go/leave/arrive/start/join/die/marry/become 不与 for +时间连用

sb pay attention to sth 某人把注意力放在

take place = happen 无被动

in case 以免/as long as 只要/even if 即使/as far as就…而言/unless 除非/until 直到/whether 是否/now that 既然/even though 即使/the time 一…就/if only 要是/lest 以免

💼

was held / will be held

was been leaved

虚拟语气

定义：与事实相反的一种假设，不可能发生或发生可能性很小

（should）do

表示命令建议、要求、决定的词

（n/v/adj/adv）+that+主+(should)do

📜order = command 命令

advise = suggest = propose = recommend 建议

insist = require = requset = desire = demand 要求

decide 决定

he advises[动词] me that I (should) go abroad

my advice[名词] is that he (should) go abroad

📜 suggest 建议+that+主+（should）do =>虚拟语气

暗示/表明 + that +主+谓语=>不虚拟

建议 + doing sth =>建议做

the smlie on his face suggests that he ____(be) pleased with me

he suggests____(go) shopping today

be pleased/satisfied with sb 满意某人

📜insist 要求+that+主+（should）do =>虚拟语气

认为+that+主+谓语=>不虚拟

坚持 insist on=stick to = persist in

he insisted that he ____(do) nothing wrong and heinsisted that he ____?(set free)[释放]

it’s + adj/n + that + 主语+(should)do

It’s important that we (should) learn english

It’s a pity that you (should)fail

📜常考的adj 重要/紧急的事/自然/有必要/不奇怪

important = essential = vital

urgent = imperative = emergent

natural/necessary/strange

📜常考的n It is a shame/no wonder that …

in case = for fear that = lest 以免+主语+ (should)do

💼 work hard in case you should be fired

时态倒退

定义: 对现在/将来虚拟 => 过去

对过去虚拟 => 过完

if引导非真实条件句（v4 = would/ should / might/ could）

对现在 if + 主 + did/ were ,主 + v4 + do

✒️if I had money , I would buy a car(现在)

if I were a boy , I could understand (现在)

对过去 If + 主 + had done ,主+ v4 + have done

✒️if I had met you earlier , I would have married you

对将来 if + 主+ did/were to do/should do,主 + v4 +do

✒️if it rained / were to rain/should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home

虚拟倒装

if 从句中 were/should/had (助动词)提于从句主语之前，省略if主句不变，构成虚拟倒装

✒️if I were a boy ,I would understand (现在)

=>were I a boy , I would understand

if I had met you earlier,I would have married you(过去)

=>had I met you earlier , I would home married you

if it were to rain / should rain ,I would stay at home(将来)

=>were it to rain / should it rain ,I would stay at home

暗含虚拟"主句"

f3 = without 没有/but for 要不是/ otherwise 否则

f3+n => v4 + do (现在/将来)

f3 + n => v4 + have done (过去)

✒️without water,we couldn’t live (现在)

=>if there were no water ,we couldn’t live

but for your help ,I couldn’t have finished the work(过去)

=>if you hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have finished the work

暗含虚拟从句

f4 = wish, would rather/sooner, as if/though, if only…

f4 + 主+did(现在，将来)

f4+ 主+had done(过去)

📜注意：对将来虚拟，选项无did，可以选would/could do

✒️I wish (that) I were a brid (现在)

I wish (that) I had much money(现在)

I would rather (that)you left tomorrow(将来)

It seem as if we had met before(过去)

错综虚拟

主从句时间不一样，主从句各自虚拟

If you had followed the doctor’s advice yesterday,you would be beeter now

小结:时态倒退

虚拟倒装	if从句 => were/should/助had + 主语省if，主语不变
从句	主句
if 现在 did/were	v4 + do
if 过去 had done	v4 + have done
if 将来 did/were to do/should do	v4 + do
暗含虚拟’从句’	暗含虚拟’主句’
flag4 = wish, would rather ,as if, if only	flag3 = without/but for otherwise
主句：主 + flag4	主句：主+ v4+do(现在)/have done(过去)
从句：主+did(现在/将来)/had done(过去)	从句：flag3 + n
错综虚拟(主从时间不同,主从各自虚拟)	now

情态动词的虚拟

📜情态动词过去式+have done =>本…却

should = ought to have done本应该做而没有

would have done本愿意做而没有

could have done本能够/可能做而没有

need have done本有必要做而没有

must have done 过去一定做了

📜情态动词过去式+have done ,but[转折] + 主 +did/was/were[过去事实]

I would have helped you, but I had no money

📜情态动词表推测：

must (一定)>can’t(不可能)>couldn’t(不可能)>may>might

must/can’t/couldn’t + do[现在肯定推理]/过去肯定推理

固定句型

It’s (very/about/high) time + (that) + 主 +did

It’s very time that we went home

总结

固定用法

(should) do

It is time + 主 +did

时态倒退

本质:对现在/将来=>过去对过去=>过去完成

判断虚拟时间

提示时间

动词形态

语意

💼

going

did/had done

(should)be set free

倒装

the bus comes here 主谓=>陈述语句

Here comes the bus 谓主=>倒装

定义:倒装是一种把谓语放到主语之前的语序

四大谓语结构

实义动词(单独构成谓语,时态或语态的变化)

vt ：help see find buy like

vi ：rise sleep listen come go (无被动)

be(am/is/are/was/were)+表语共同构成谓语

I am ugly [谓语]

情态动词(加上实义动词原型共同构成谓语)

I can help [谓语] you

原型	can/ will/ may/ must/ shall
过去式	could/ would/ might/[ must should = ought to]

助动词(加上实义动词共同构成谓语)

do/does/did => I don’t like it / do you like it (帮助句子构成否定或者疑问)

have/has/had + done => I have finished it

分类(难点)

全倒装: 谓全(vi：不及物动词) + 主语

半倒装: be/情态动词/助动词 + 主语(疑问语序)

by the window sat a man (全) 谓vi[sat]+主

nerer have I seen the man (半) 助v(have)+主+done

倒装前提

意思上:强调

形式上:某些关键词位于句首 (主语/从句)

考点1:全倒装的前提

📜表示地点方位时间的adv或介词短语位于句首

adv: here/there/up/down/in/out/then/now/away

prep短语: at/by/in/for/among/between + 名词 [under the desk]

✒️A temple stands at the mountain

=> at the mountain stands a temple

the student rush out

=> out rush the student

📜当主语为人称代词pron(you/I/he/she/it…),即使表示地点方位时间adv或prep短语位于句首句子也不全倒

✒️ here I come

全倒与主谓一致

On each side of the road ____(grow) mang trees

考点2半倒的前提(四否两so,虽然,只有,虚倒)

否定的词或短语位于句首,句子半倒

词: not /**no ** /never /seldom /littlefew /barely /rarely /nowhere …

📜短语:

绝不**: on no account/occasion** = by no means = in no time = under no circumstances = in no condition …

✒️he seldom attends the class

=>seldom does he attend the class

I have the confidence and I will up give by no means

=> I have the confidence and by no means will I give up

📜Not only + be/情/助 + 主语 + but also + 主 +谓=>不仅…而且

✒️ she is not only a music lover, but also she enjoys doing

=> not only is she a music lover, but also she enjoys doing

📜not until + 状语 did + 主语=>直到…才

✒️ he didn’t go home until midnight

=> not until midnight did he go home

📜三胞胎

hardly had sb done when sb did

scarely had sb done when sb did

no sooner had sb done than sb did

三考点=>搭配、时态、倒装

📜so + adj /adv +be/情态动词/助动词+主 that + 主谓宾

✒️ he runs so fast that I can’t catch up with him

so fast does he run that I can’t catch up with him

the pig is so fat that I can’t hold it

so fat is the pig that I can’t hold it

📜 so / “neither = nor” 表达 “也”的半倒

so + be/情/助+主 => 肯定句上下文一致

neither/nor + be/情/助 + 主 => 否定句上下文一致

so it is /was with sb => 上文有两种以上的情况是

✒️ she is ugly , so am I 他丑我也丑

she will not marry you ,neither / nor will I 她不会和你结婚，我也是

she is ugly ,but she won’t marry you, so it is with me 他是丑但是他不会和你结婚，我也是

注意:so 引起的句子表达“赞同、的确、如此”不倒装

✒️ she is ugly

so she is 她的确很丑

📜 虽然 as的半倒

结构: adj/adv/不带冠词的n/v原 +as+主语+谓,主谓

✒️ ugly as I am,I am gentle (adj ugly)

**much as I eat,**I don’t gain weight (adv much)

child as I am, I knows a lot (n child)

try as I might ,I failed (v try)

📜 only 只有+状语位于句首,句子半倒

you can lose weight only in this way

=> only in this way can you lose weight

📜虚拟倒装

if 从句中 were/should/had (助动词)提于从句主语之前，省略if主句不变，构成虚拟倒装

✒️if I were a boy ,I would understand (现在)

=>were I aboy , I would understand

if I had met you earlier,I would have married you(过去)

=>had I met you earlier , I would home married you

if it were to rain / should rain ,I would stay at home(将来)

=>were it to rain / should it rain ,I would stay at home

总结

重点：

全倒: vi+主

半倒: be/情/助 + 主

考点:

全倒前提：adv 或 prep短语谓语句首

半倒前提：四否两so，虽然只有虚倒=>9

倒装通常和时态语态一起考

反义疑问句

you are a person, ____? [aren’t you]

your boyfriend can’t play basketball,____?[can he]

tom loved you,____?[didn’t he]

定义：说话者对自己陈述的内容不确定,希望得到证实

结构: 陈述部分,疑问部分? be/情/助 + 主语

📜疑问三步走

判肯否(前肯后否,前否后肯)

前出现否定词(no /not /never /seldom/scarely)前否后肯

前出现否定词缀(un-/dis-/non)前肯后否

找谓语(be/情/助 + 主语)

前出现过去时间提示语:last ngint, yesterday,疑问用did/didn‘t + 主语

定主语

疑问的主语为陈述部分的人称代词

📜 注意

陈述部分	疑问部分
I am	aren’t I
I wish	may I
there be	~ there
主语something/doing	主语 it
主语 some one	主语 they

考点

祈使句的反疑

结构:“祈使句 , will you”

祈使句:省主语,以v原/Don’t，表达命令,建议语句

please close the door, will you?

Don’t talk nonsense,will you?

Let us…,will you?
Let’s …,shall we?

情态动词的反疑

must [必须=>mustn’t/needn’t +主语 / 一定(推测) must do(肯定推测) must have done (过去肯推)]

must 表"一定",去掉 must之后，再形成反疑

✒️ you must come from Afica,____?[答案][don’t you]

you must be from Afica，____?[答案][aren’t you]

it must have rained,____?[答案][hasn’t it]

it must have rained last night,____?[答案][didn’t it]

主从复合句的反疑

一般情况:看主

二般情况:看从句(同时满足)

主句主语为 I/we
主句谓语为 v心理活动：think/suppose/believe/imagine

二般情况(看从),主句遇否还从

my mother thinks that he is kind,____?[doesn’t she]

we believe that you are right,____?[aren’t you]

I don’t think he is absent,____?[is he]

I don’t think it must have rained last night,____?[did it]

主从复合句：

定语从句
名词性从句
状语从句

定语从句

lily is (a nice) girl => nice 定语(xx的)

I like those “who enjoy thinking”

the man “who is in red” is my friend

定义：修饰限制一个n/pron 句子,叫定从。被修饰的n/pron叫先行词，链接先行词与从句的叫关系词

结构：先行词m/pron+关系词+句子

关系词

关系pron:who/whom/which/that/whose/as + 不完整句子

关系adv: where/when/why

解析

先行词在从句中做主语/宾语/表语选择关系pron

先行词在从句中做状语选择关adv + 完整句子

何为完整句：

主语+谓语(vi)=>sleep/come/go/rise/live/sit…

主+谓(vt)+宾语=>hlep/see/fond

主+be+表=>am/is/are/…

ps: vi + prep = vt

✒️I sleep with you

关系代词的选择

先行词在从句中所做成分

先行词的意思

who

做主语 and 指人 [并列关系，同时满足]

✒️

I know the man____is standing here[who]

whom

做宾语 and 指人 (作宾语可省)

✒️

I know the man____you love.[whom]

prep + whom

✒️

he is the man____we can learn [from whom]

which

做主语/宾语 and 物(做宾可省)

✒️

I know the book is written by moyan[which]
I know the book ____ they’re talking about

that

做主语/宾语 and 人/物

不能用that:

prep 后不用that (除 in that)
逗号后不用that

只能用that(which与that之中)

the very/only +先行词=>只能用 that
adj 最高级/序数词+先行词 => that
先行词本身为不定代词或先行词前出现不定代词 => that

不定代词: something/eveything/anything/all/none/neither/little

先行词为人+物=>只能用that

whese

指人/物 and 定语(…的)+完整句子

whose + n=the + n +of which[物]/whom[人] = of which/whom +the +n

✒️

I like the book ____ cover is red[xx的]
I like the book the cover of which is red
I like the book of which the cover is red

as

指人/物 and 主/宾语

such/so/the same /as + 先行词 as+不完整句子

✒️

he is such a man ____ we all like

注意 such / so …that +完整句 =>状语从句(如此…以至于)

关系adv的选择

关系adv= prep + which

先行词在从句中作成分:状语

先行词词意

where

状语 and 地点

✒️

I know the place ____ you live [wher / in which]

when

状语 and 时间

✒️

I know the doy ____you left me [when/on which]

why

状语 and 原因

✒️

I know the reason ____ he is late for school [why / for which]

关adv = prep + 关pron (which)

✒️ prep 与从句谓语搭配

live in spl
depend on sth
show respect for sb
pay for sth

✒️ prep 与主句先行词的搭配

先行词	prep
day	on
days	during
reason	for
place/disaster	in

小结

i like CQ ____ they visited

i like CQ ____ we were born

i like CQ ____ winter is cold

I remember the days ____we spent together

I remember the days ____we were childeren

I like the school ____ we study

I like English ____ we study

非限制性定语从句

特点

先行词为 n/pron/一个句子

除that外，所有关系词都可以引导非限

先行词与从句用逗号隔开

固定考点

as 与 which 区别

位置: as句首/句中;which 只能用于句中

词意: as 正如…;which 表概况，翻译为“这件事”

____ we all know , one and one is two. [as]

one and one is two,____ we all know. [as/which]

定从与主谓一致

定从中，从句谓语单复数由先行词决定

✒️ I,who ____ (be)your friend will help you(两谓语无连词，第二谓语前断句)

定从中，先行词前有 the only one of 修饰，从句谓语用单
定从中，先行词前有 one of 修饰，从句谓语用复数

✒️ he is one of the students who ____(have) finished it

he is the only one of the students who ____(have) finished it

强调句

结构 it’s + 强调的成分 + that +剩余句子

解析：

it’s (it is/ is it/ it was/ was it)
强调的成分为 除谓语外 的一切成分
强调的成分为人 that /who/whom
it’s … that 表强调的符号,去掉 “it’s … that”，句子成分完整

I gave you two apples yaeterday in the room

主：It’s I that/who gave you two apples yaeterday in the room

宾：it’s two apples that I gave you yaeterday in the room

总结

判句=>判定为定从 =>先行词为n/pron 关系词 + 句子=>选项为 conj & 空格前为 n

成分与词意 => 确定关系词 [空格当开启，先行词带入从句，看成分]

固定用法 => that / as / 主谓 / 非限 / 强调句

名词性从句

定义：在复合句中，充当名词作用的句子.由主从/宾从/表从/同位语从句构成

the story ,the ugly duckling is a fairy tale(同位语，解释说明)，we like the story

结构

what you said is right => 主从（从句谓语句首）
I heard what you said => 宾从(v + 从句)

I listened to what you said => 宾从(动词不定式/prep + 从句)

I am glad that you love =>宾从 (adj + 从句)
this is what you said => 表从
the sorty that the ugly duckling turned to a white swan is interesting =>同位语从句(n+从句)

ps 名词性从句中，从句语序为“主语+谓语”

名词性从句引导词的选择

连词： that(无实意，宾从可省)；whether = if(是否)+完整句；不做成分

连接pron： what/who/whom/never(无论)+不完成句，做主宾表

which/whose/never+完整句，做定语

连接adv ： where/when/why/how/never+完整句，做状语

ps：完整句[主谓宾/主系表/there be]

连词的选择

that 固定句型(10个)

there’s no doubt that +完整句=> 毫无疑问的是
there’s no denging that + 完整句=>无可否认的是
It’s universally acknowledged that + 完整句=> 普遍认为的是
it occurs to sb that + 完整句=>某人突然想起…
it turns out that + 完整句 => 结果是…
sb see to it that + 完整句 =>某人务必…
it seems/oppear that + 完整句=>似乎/好像…
sb find/think = consider = take = regard 认为 it adj + that + 完整句=> 某人发现/认为做…怎样
it’s known /said/ reported/estimated that + 完整句 =>据说/了解/报道/估计
the reason why + 完整句 is/was that + 完整句 =>xx的原因是xx

✒️ there’s no doubt that the price is reasonable

the reason why oline shopping is popular is that the price is reasonable

whether固定用法

在that /whether / if [是否]中,只用whether的情况

在or not 连用 eg. I wonder ____ he agrees with me or not.二 eg. he raised the question of ____ we have money.

位于句首,引导主从 eg. ____ he will come matters a lot

连接代词的选择(连接词词意+连接词在从句中所在成分)

what :“什么”+主/宾/表 ____ you said [宾语][what]

who :“谁”+主/宾/表 => I know ____you are [表][who]

whom :“谁”+宾 ____you love [宾语][who/whom]

which：“哪一个”+定语

whose：“谁的”+定语 +完整句

what ：“什么样的”+定语

✒️

I know ____ one I will choose [答案][which]

I know ____ pen it is[答案][whose]

I know ____ man you like[答案][what]

连接adv的选择(词意+成分)

where(地点状语)+完整句

when(时间状语)+完整句

why(原因状语)+完整句

how(方式状语)+完整句

I know ____ he had gone.[答案][where]

I know ____ we can finish it[答案][when]

I know____ he is angry[答案][why]

I know____ we can work out it[答案][how]

同位语从句

luxun a writter [同位语：解释什么前面的词]is famous

I head the news that lunxun is famous.

定义：在复合句中。解释说明某一名词或pron的句子

结构：先行词[抽象名词]+引导词+句子

常考的抽象名词

消息证明想法为证实

news=message/evidence = proof/idea=thought/fact=truth

建议总结原因，希望承诺信仰

advice= suggestion/conclusion/reason/hope/promise/belief

决定理论协议和问题

decision/theory/agreement/question=problem

引导词后的句子是对抽象n的解释说明
the idea is good That we learn from luxun=>分割性同位语从句
同位语从句引导词的选择

that/whether
what/who/whom…
when/where/why

the news ____ he was sucessful suprised me [答案][that]

the problem ____ he agrees with it matters a lot [答案][whether]

I get a question ____ you said [答案][what]

I have no idea ____ I find my key [答案][where]

同位语从句与定语从句的区别

the news that he told me is right.[tell sb sth 做了宾补] 定从

the news that he is successful is right.同从

相同点

先行词都可以是抽象n
引导词都可以是that/where/when/why

不同点

that在定从中加不完整句
that在同从中加完整句

定从：修饰限制adj性的从句

同从：解释说明n性从句

定从先行词是抽象n/普通n/pron/一个句子
同从先行词是抽象n

总结：

选项为 w-/h-/t-引导词 = > 80%从句

1.判句

横线位于句首=>主从

横线前为v/prep/adj = >宾从

横线前为be = >表从

横线前为抽象名词 = > 80% 同位语从句

横线前为普通名词=> 80 定语从句

2.成分+词意

完整 => 连adv where/when/why/how

不完整=>

缺主/宾/表 + 什么 => what/never

缺主/宾表+ 谁 => who/never

缺宾 => who/whom/never

3.固定用法

that (10)

whether(3)

同位语从句中的抽象n

状语从句

复合句中修饰一个动作的句子，表明该动作发生的时间，地点…

I work" at night" 时间状语

I work “in the room” 地点状语

I work "because I am in need of monsy "

关键：题干两句子的语境，选择符合语境的连词

时间状语从句

when/as soon as/the time/the moment/if => 主将从现

while + be doing

as 同时/伴随

✒️ when I group up,I will marry you

while I ____(watch) tv,my mom cooks.[答案][am watching]

we walk ____ we talk [答案][as]

固定句型

it’s + 时间段+since+主+did=>有多久没做某事

✒️ it’s two years since I studied

2.it’s + 时间段 +before(才) 主 + do/does => 要过多久…才/ 主+did => 过了多久…才

✒️ It’s two years before we meet

3.not until …直到…才

Not until + 状语=>did + 主(半倒)

It’s not until + 状语 + that + 句子 => 直到…才

✒️ he didn’t go home until midnight => not until midnight did he go home => it’s not until midnight that he went home

It’s not until … that

4.三胞胎

hardly had sb done when sb did

scarcely had sb done when sb did

no sooner had sb clone than sb did

5.sb be about to do …when …某人正要做…突然…

✒️ I am about to sleep when the phone rings

地点状语从句

where/wherever = no matter where

✒️ you should put the book ____you canfind it[答案][where]

____ there is a will,there is away.[答案][where]

---------有志者事竟成

原因状语从句

because => 语气最强,回答why

since = now that 位于句首"既然"

as 客观原因

for 推测原因 he didn’t go to school for he was ill

in that 因为 except that 除了 seeing that 鉴于

the reason why + 句子 is /was that +句子

短语

because of = due to = thanks to

结构状语从句

so + adj/adv +a/an+n + that + 句子(完整) =>如此…以至于

such + a/an + adj + n + that +句子(完整)

✒️ she is so nice a girl that we like her

she is such a nice girl that we like her

目的状语从句

in order that …目的是

in order to do

so as to do 目的

for the purpose of

条件状语从句

if = on condition that … = provided/unless = if not[除非]

once 一旦,test = for fear that = in case 以免/以防/万一

as /so far as(就…而言); as/so long as(只要)

让步状语从句

although = though = as 虽然

even if = even thaugh 即使

As 半倒 => adj/adv/n/v + as + 主 + 谓，主 + 谓

✒️ ugly as I am,I am gentle

how/however +adj/adv + 主 + 谓, 主 + 谓

✒️ however old you are ,I like you.

However late you are, I will wait for you.

方式状语从句

as if = as though 好像, if only要是…就好了

非谓语动词

动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，不受主语人称和谓语动词的时态变化干扰

非谓语动词的10大固定搭配

一关键词+do(not do/be done)

情态动词 + do[原型]
助动词do/does/did/will + do[原型]
had better do [原型]最好做 = might as well do [原型]不妨
would rather do [原型] A than do [原型] B 宁愿做a也不做b
rather than do [原型]= instead of doing sth 而不是做

二关键词+to do (not to do/tobe done)

plan=arrange/teach/refuse/choose

decide = determine / pretend(假装)/claim(宣称)/fail/

offer/promise/manage(成功)/afford(支付)

have no choice/slternatives but to do别无选择
so as to do = in order to do 目的是/为了
only to do 出乎意料的结果
too…to太…而不能
the way/ability to do有方法/有能力做

三关键词+doing(not doing/being done)

ps:所有“doing”前面都可以加逻辑主语 “one’s”

one’s: lucy’s

my/your/his/her/their/宾格

do you mind opening the window?=>do you mind (my/lucy’s) opening the window

mind/delay 拖延/avoid 避免/escape 逃跑

enjoy/imagine 想象/finish/risk 冒险/

deny 否认/suggest/consider/appreciate

Can’t help doing sth 情不自禁做
fell like doing sth 想要做
prep + doing (in/about/of/for/by/under/up)

to 为介词的短语:

approach to doing= have access to doing 有方法做

dedicate to doing = dewte to doing 投身于,置身于

object to doing sth 反对做

look forward to doing期待做

be used to doing习惯做

四关键词+sb/sth+to do (not to do/to be done)

allow sb to do允许
encoarage sb to do鼓励
warn sb to do警告
invite sb to do邀请

五关键词+to do/doing,词意不同

口诀: 记得忘记,停下后悔,打算继续努力

remember to do 记得要做

remember doing 记得做过

forget to do 忘记要做

forget doing 忘记做过

stop to do 停下来去做宁外一件事

stop doing 停止做

regret to do 遗憾没有做

regret doing 后悔做过

mean to do = plan to do 打算做

mean doing 意味着

“go on = continue” to do 继续做宁外一件事

“go on = continue” doing 继续做原来的事情

try to do = try one’s best to do 努力做

try doing尝试做

六to do的句型

it’s + adj+(for/of sb) to do sth

eg. it’s important(for us) to learn English

prep: 加for的adj(事) hard/easy/important/difficult

加of的adj(人)nice/kind/clever/foolish

sb find/think it adj + to do

某人认为做某事如何

eg.I find it important to protect it.

七doing固定句型

sb have difficulty / trouble (in) doing sth

sb speng = consume time/money (in) doing sth / on sth

there’s no point /use/sense意义 (in) doing sth

八v4 = need = requice = want 需要/desrve值得

v4 + doing (不换成being done)

v4 + to be done

eg. the floor needs cleaning /to be cleaned

be worth doing sth 值得做

eg. the book is worth reading

九独立的非谓语搭配

generally speaking 大致讲
frankly speaking 坦白讲
considering （that）考虑到
concerning = about 关于
judging from 从…判断

十v12=五看四室两厅一感觉

看 see = look at = watch = notice = observe

make = have = let = get

听 hear = listen to

感觉 feel

sb + v12 + sth do sth主动发出惯常行为

doing sth主动发出进行

done sth被动发出完成

sth + be + v12 ed [被动]+ to do

I heard him ____ (read) English every morning[答案][read]

listen,I heard him ____ (sing) the song[答案][singing]

I heard the song ____ (sing)many times. [答案][sung]

the song is often heard ____ (sing)[答案][to sing]

非谓语动词的理解

定义：不作谓语，可作其他一切成分的动词结构

I want to work (to do)

I enjoy thinking (doing)

I like the book (written by moyan) => (done)

基本形式本质被动完成时完成时被动

to do 主动将来 => to be done to have done to have been done

doing 主动进行 => being done having done having been done

done 被动完成 =>

本质：逻辑关系+时态意义

否定形式：not to do/doing/done

基本形式有时态语态变化

做题步骤: 一前提两步骤(找对象确定关系)

一前提:

一个句子只能有一个谓语，在无conj时，句中其余动词是非谓语的一种形式。(谓语一个，非谓语不限)

两步骤：

找对象：非谓语动词的逻辑主语

横线前无主语(n/pron),句子主语为逻辑主语

横线前有主语(n/pron),该句子为逻主

确立关系：逻辑主语与非谓语动词间的关系

主动将来: to do (题干中有将来的信号弹/语境)

主动进行: doing

注：to be done 被动将来

being done 被动进行

____(catch) the early bus,I get up at 7:00.[答案][to catch]

____(See) from the mountain, I can see a park.[答案][seeing]

____(see)from the mountuin, the park is nice.[答案][seen]

the meeting ____ (hold) next week is important.[答案][to be held]

my mother ____ (permit),I can marry you.[答案][permiting]

work____(do), We went out to play.[答案][done]

非谓语动词中的延伸考点

非谓语中非主流的出题形式

主流的形式：一前提=>找逻辑主语=>确立关系 => 题干给逻辑主语，选非谓语

____ more water,the tree will grow.[答案][B/D]

A. to give B. given C. giving D. I giving E. I given F. Give

题干非谓语,____

一前提=>找非谓语=>找逻辑主语=>判断主语和非谓语的关系

Moved by his words,____?[答案][D]

A his heart is warm.

B His eyes are full of tear.

C his face was red.

D he barsts into tear.

状语从句中的省略 “once/when/if”

when I see from the hill,I can see the park(时间状语从句)

when ____ (see) from the hill,I can see the park.[答案][seeing]

规则:在状语从句中,若主语与从句一致,那么从句主语可省，从句谓语转化为非谓语的形式。

=>两步骤,找对象，确定关系

having done与having been done =>doing 的完成时(被动)

____the wall all way,I felt tired.[答案][E]

____all way,the wall look bright.[答案][F]

A painting B to paint C painted D to be painted E howing pained F having been painted

规则:当非谓语动作与句子谓语存在先后或因果关系，则该非谓语用完成时having done(主动)或having been done(被动)的形式

to do 表被动

前提: to do 作定语

句子主语与非谓语动词存在主动关系

逻辑主与非谓语动词存在被动关系

结论：to do主动形式表被动含义

eg. I have a lot of work ____ (do) [答案][to do]

to do 的省略

规则: to do作宾语，为避免上下文重复通常省略to后的实义动词.

would you like to join us?

I’d love to[join us],but I have a lot work to do

动词不定式

（1）做主语

状语修饰非谓语动词

动词不定式（to +v）+系动词+以下形容词

修饰动词不定式的形容词（表语）	中文
easy	容易的
difficult	困难的
wrong	错误的
important	重要的
interesting	有趣的
right	对的，正确的
necessary	必要的
funny	有趣的，有意思的
possible	可能的，有可能的
hard	困难的
impossible	不可能的

wrong/right如果加逻辑主语,用of,不用for

to make money in china is hard

it is hard to make money in china

it is hard for me to make money in china

it 为形式主语/for me 为逻辑主语/to make money in china 为真实主语

表示人的品性的形容词

以下单词（表示人的品格）做动词不定式的形容词，逻辑主语用of

人的品格的形容词	中文
kind	好心的
good	好心的
right	对的
thoughtful	体贴的，考虑周到的
nice	好心的
careless	粗心的
polite	有礼貌的
rude	粗暴无礼的
wrong	不好的
wise	明智的
unwise	不明智的
impolite	没礼貌的
clever	聪明的
foolish	愚蠢的
stupid	愚蠢的
silly	愚蠢的

（2）做表语

主语+系动词+动词不定式（to +v）

主语必须为一些特殊的抽象名词（抽象主语也要加限定词）

抽象名词（主语）	中文
wish	愿望
dream	梦想
plan	计划
mission	使命
assignment	任务
task	任务
goal	目标
ambition	志向
aim	目的
purpose	目的

（3）做宾语

主语+谓语（及物动词）+动词不定式（to +v）

能跟动词不定式做宾语的及物动词（谓语）	中文
want	想要
need	需要
wish	希望
hate	讨厌
prefer	宁愿/更喜欢
hope	希望
continue	继续
manage	设法
offer	提供
start	开始
begin	开始
decide	决定
agree	同意
choose	选择
learn	学习
pretend	假装
promise	承诺/答应
mean=plan	打算
expect	期待
desire	非常想
refuse	拒绝
claim	声称

在动词不定式中want 不需要将来时态

（4）做后置定语

主系表+动词不定式

一个表示人的名词一般不可能跟动词不定式短语做后置定语，除非表示人的名词有序数词，形容词最高级或the only，the next之类的词语修饰，🔻：

he was the first person to think of the idea 第一个想出这个办法的人

（5）做状语

（6）做宾补

可以让动词不定式省略to	中文
make	让
let	让/允许
have	让
see	看见
hear	听见
watch	观看
notice	注意
feel	感觉
observe	观察
listen to	听
look at	看
help	帮助

主谓一致

定义：在英语中，谓语动词的形式在人称与数量上要与主语保持一致

I am a teacher 是

she is a student 是

we are friends 是

I 主语+ am/was/do/did…

he/she/it/lucy(三单)主语 +is/was/does/did

they/we/you(非三单)主语 + are/were/do/did

注:实意动词作谓语，过去式无单复数

考点一,就近一致原则

either…or…(或者…或者);neither…nor(既不…也不)

not only…but also…(不仅…而且);not …but…(不是…而是)

there be 句型"链接A与B两个主语时，谓语动词与离最近的主语B保持一致"

not only tom but also his parents ____(come)[答案][come]

there ____(be) a book and many flowers on the table[答案][is]

考点二,就远一致原则

with = along with = together with=coupled with 和/与

except = but(除了);as well as也

连接A和B两个主语谓语动词与远的主语保持一致

eg.tom, along with his friends ____(like) me[答案][likes]

考点三,"A and B"的主谓一致

"A and B"中,若只有A前面有each/every/many a/no修饰,谓语用修饰单数形式

eg…every minute and (every) second ____(count)[答案][counts]

"A and B"中，若只有A前面有冠词修饰,谓语用修饰单数形式

"A and B"中，若A与B前面都有冠词修饰,谓语用修饰复数形式

eg. the singer and dancer ____(be) famous[答案][is]

the singer and the dancer ____(be) famous[答案][are]

考点四,集合名词的主谓一致

“class/team/grounp/family/committee(委员会)/personnel=stuff(员工)”

作主语+ 单数形式(整个单位"1")

作主语+ 复数形式(集体中的人)

eg. my family ____(be) a big one,and my family ____(be) music lovers.[答案][is;are]

考点五"number数量"的主谓一致

the number of … xx的数量(作主语)=>谓语单数形式

a number of … 大量的xx (作主语)=>谓语复数形式

eg.the number of the students ____(be) fifty[答案][is]

anumber of the students ____(enjoy) shopping [答案][enjoy]

考点六"时间，金钱，数量，长度，doing，句子"作主语，谓语用单数形式

eg.seeing is believing (doing)

what you said is was right(句子作主语)

考点七"两个不"用单数

不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数形式(time/money/output/prench/earth)

不定代词作主语,谓语用单数形式。(some/any/every/no/each)

eg.everything is possible

考点八"分数/百分数+中心n"做主语,谓语单复数由中心n决定。

one in there => 1/3

one out of there => 1/3

eg. two third of the earth ____ (be) lovered with water[答案][is]

考点九 more than one(许多)/many a(许多) + 可数名词做主语,谓语用单数

eg. many a boy____ (enjoy) basketball[答案][enjoys]

考点十"one of"的主谓一致

one of"其中之一" => "one of+可数复数"作主语，谓语用单

eg. one of the students ____(be)my friend.[答案][is]

定语从句中:

one of +先行词+关系词+谓语动词用复数

the only one of+先行词+关系词+谓语动词用单数

eg she is one of the students who ____(have) finished the work.[答案][have]

形容词与副词

定义 adj 修饰n/pron 作定语 (—able/----ful/----ous/----al)结尾

adv修饰v/adv/adj 作状语 (-----ly)

eg. there is a big tree. [adj 修饰n]

he runs(quickly) adv 修饰动词

注意: adv 位于句首,修饰整个句子

eg. [luckily],he waas sent to the hospital

adj后置

adj 修饰不定代词，需要后置 eg. something interesting

以a—为前缀的adj，修饰n/pron，要后置 eg , man aleep/awake/alike/alive

enough修饰n,前置 enough time/money

enough修饰adj/adv,后置 young enough

倍数的表达

A + be +倍数+ as +原级+ as B =>A与B几倍一样xx

A + be +倍数 + 比较级+ than B => A比Bxx几倍

eg. A is twice as long as B.

A is tree times longer than B

否定词(not/no/never/seldom) 与 too+原级连用表示再…也不为过/越…越好

eg. you can never be too careful when you across the road

当你过马路的时候应该非常小心

多个adj修饰n/pron 顺序 => “美丑大小新[新旧]颜[颜色]材[材质]”

eg. a yellow wooden table 一张木质的小黄桌

more A than B 与其说B,不如说A=>(AB为n/adj原级)

eg. he is more lazy than clever

与其说聪明不如说他懒

he is more a friend than a teacher

如此的…

so + adj +a/an+n => (so 可以换成that/as )

such + a/an +adj+n

eg. she is so / that /as nice a girl

she is such a nice girl

to表示比较级

prefer to 更喜欢
superior to 比…更好
inferior to 比…差

辨析题

considered 考虑,周全的

considerate 体贴,入微的

considerable 相当多的
respectful 尊敬的

respectable 令人尊敬的

respective 各自的
empty (空间，器具)

vacant (位置)

bare (山顶,头顶)

blank (平面)
industrial 工业的

industrious 勤奋的
live v生存/现场直播

lively adj/adv 活泼的/生动的

living adj/n 现存的,现有的

alive 后置定语

valuable = precious = invaluable = priceless 珍贵的，无价的

unvaluable = valueless = worthless 无价值的，无作用的

生词

课堂词语

rest 休息v、 duty 责任 n、difficult 困难的 adj、take sb +时间花费某人时间、villa 别墅 n、bathe 洗澡 v、blind date 相亲 n、 forgive 原谅、abandoned 抛弃、

精读课6

ask sb for sth 问某人要什么、be afraid of sth/sb 害怕某人或事、 touch sb hand 触碰某人的手

ask for 及物动词讨要、 in danger 处于危险、 run away 跑开

in big baskets 用大篮子

courageous 勇敢、princess 公主、 man 人、 messenger 信使、 cabin 小木屋、accepted 接收、 invitation 邀请、life 生命、medicine 药、 settler 殖民者、adventure 冒险、return to 及物动词还/不及物回到、 gunpowder 火药、 explosion 爆炸

next to = by

精读课7

declare war 宣战、 colony 殖民地、 protect 保护、explorer 冒险家、masts 诡杆、thank you for 感谢你给我、 sunset 黄昏、prisoner 囚犯、trick 欺骗、copper 铜、kettle 壶、capture 抓捕、payment 报酬、cry 哭、return 还、weapon武器、free v释放、manner 礼仪、furious 狂怒、