The rank–nullity theorem is a theorem in linear algebra, which asserts that the dimension of the domain of a linear map is the sum of its rank (the dimension of its image) and its nullity (the dimension of its kernel).
Rank–nullity theorem
Contents
1 Stating the theorem
Let
T
:
V
→
W
{\displaystyle T:V\to W}
T:V→W be a linear transformation between two vector spaces where
T
{\displaystyle T}
T's domain
V
{\displaystyle V}
V is finite dimensional. Then
Rank
(
T
)
+
Nullity
(
T
)
=
dim
V
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Rank} (T)~+~\operatorname {Nullity} (T)~=~\dim V,}
Rank(T) + Nullity(T) = dimV,
where
Rank
(
T
)
:
=
dim
(
Image
(
T
)
)
and
Nullity
(
T
)
:
=
dim
(
Ker
(
T
)
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Rank} (T)~:=~\dim(\operatorname {Image} (T))\qquad {\text{ and }}\qquad \operatorname {Nullity} (T)~:=~\dim(\operatorname {Ker} (T)).}
Rank(T) := dim(Image(T)) and Nullity(T) := dim(Ker(T)).
In other words,
dim
(
im
T
)
+
dim
(
ker
T
)
=
dim
(
domain
T
)
.
{\displaystyle \dim(\operatorname {im} T)+\dim(\ker T)=\dim(\operatorname {domain} T).}
dim(imT)+dim(kerT)=dim(domainT).
This theorem can be refined via the splitting lemma to be a statement about an isomorphism of spaces, not just dimensions. Explicitly, since T T T induces an isomorphism from V / Ker ( T ) {\displaystyle V/\operatorname {Ker} (T)} V/Ker(T) to Image ( T ) , {\displaystyle \operatorname {Image} (T),} Image(T), the existence of a basis for V V V that extends any given basis of Ker ( T ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Ker} (T)} Ker(T) implies, via the splitting lemma, that Image ( T ) ⊕ Ker ( T ) ≅ V . {\displaystyle \operatorname {Image} (T)\oplus \operatorname {Ker} (T)\cong V.} Image(T)⊕Ker(T)≅V. Taking dimensions, the rank–nullity theorem follows.
1.1 Matrices
Since
Mat
m
×
n
(
F
)
≅
Hom
(
F
n
,
F
m
)
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Mat} _{m\times n}(\mathbb {F} )\cong \operatorname {Hom} \left(\mathbb {F} ^{n},\mathbb {F} ^{m}\right),}
Matm×n(F)≅Hom(Fn,Fm), one can represent linear maps as matrices. In the case of an
m
×
n
{\displaystyle m\times n}
m×n matrix, the dimension of the domain is
n
,
{\displaystyle n,}
n, the number of columns in the matrix. Thus the rank–nullity theorem for a given matrix
M
∈
Mat
m
×
n
(
F
)
{\displaystyle M\in \operatorname {Mat} _{m\times n}(\mathbb {F} )}
M∈Matm×n(F) immediately becomes
Rank
(
M
)
+
Nullity
(
M
)
=
n
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Rank} (M)+\operatorname {Nullity} (M)=n.}
Rank(M)+Nullity(M)=n.
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