Definition and Theorems of Chapter 3

Definition. Let $V$ and $W$ be vector spaces over the field $F$. A linear tranformation from $V$ into $W$ is a function $T$ from $V$ into $W$ such that
$$T(c\alpha +\beta )=c(T\alpha )+T\beta ,\forall \alpha ,\beta \in V,\forall c\in F$$

Theorem 1. Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional vector space over the field $F$ and let { α 1 , … , α n } \{ {\alpha}_1,\dots,{\alpha}_n\} { α1​,…,αn​} be an ordered basis for $V$. Let $W$ be a vector space over the same field $F$ and let { β 1 , … , β n } \{ {\beta}_1,\dots,{\beta}_n\} { β1​,…,βn​} be any vectors in $W$. Then there is precisely one linear transformation $T$ from $V$ into $W$ such that
$$T{\alpha }_j={\beta }_j,j=1,\dots ,n$$

Definition. Let $V$ and $W$ be vector spaces over the field $F$ and let $T$ be a linear transformation from $V$ into $W$. The null space of $T$ is the set of all vectors $\alpha$ in $V$ such that $T\alpha =0$. If $V$ is finite-dimensional, the rank of $T$ is the dimension of the range of $T$ and the nullity of $T$ is the dimension of the null space of $T$.

Theorem 2. Let $V$ and $W$ be vector spaces over the field $F$ and let $T$ be a linear transformation from $V$ into $W$. Suppose that $V$ is finite-dimensional. Then
$$\text{rank}(T)+\text{nullity}(T)=\dim (V)$$

Theorem 3. If $A$ is an $m\times n$ matrix with entries in the field $F$, then $\text{row rank}(A)=\text{column rank}(A)$.

Theorem 4. Let $V$ and $W$ be vector spaces over the field $F$. Let $T$ and $U$ be linear transformations from $V$ into $W$. The function $(T+U)$ defined by
$$(T+U)(\alpha )=T\alpha +U\alpha$$
is a linear transformation from $V$ into $W$. If $c$ is any element of $F$, the function $(cT)$ defined by
$$(cT)(\alpha )=c(T\alpha )$$
is a linear transformation from $V$ into $W$. The set of all linear transformations from $V$ into $W$, together with the addition and scalar multiplication defined above, is a vector space over the field $F$.

Theorem 5. Let $V$ be an $n$-dimensional vector space over the field $F$, and let $W$ be an $m$-dimensional vector space over $F$. Then the space $L(V,W)$ is finite-dimensional and has dimension $mn$.

Theorem 6. Let $V,W,Z$ be vector spaces over the field $F$. Let $T$ be a linear transformation from $V$ into $W$ and $U$ a linear transformation from $W$ into $Z$. Then the composed function $UT$ defined by $(UT)(\alpha )=U(T(\alpha ))$ is a linear transformation from $V$ into $Z$.

Definition. If $V$ is a vector space over the field $F$, a linear operator on $V$ is a linear transformation from $V$ into $V$.

Lemma. Let $V$ be a vector space over the field $F$; let U , T 1 , T 2 U,T_1,T_2