一道积分连续性问题
证明积分 ∫ 0 ∞ x sin ( x 3 − λ x ) d x \int_{0}^{\infty}x\sin(x^3-\lambda x)dx ∫0∞xsin(x3−λx)dx是 λ \lambda λ的连续函数.
对于这道题的解法相当暴力,直接进行拆解，然后关于微分对象转换需要技巧，之后对每一部分进行分析.
∫
A
B
x
sin
(
x
3
−
λ
x
)
d
x
\int_{A}^{B}x\sin(x^3-\lambda x)dx
∫ABxsin(x3−λx)dx
=
∫
A
B
x
[
sin
(
x
3
)
cos
(
λ
x
)
−
cos
(
x
3
)
sin
(
λ
x
)
d
x
]
=\int_{A}^{B}x[\sin\left( x^3\right) \cos(\lambda x)-\cos\left( x^3\right) \sin(\lambda x)dx]
=∫ABx[sin(x3)cos(λx)−cos(x3)sin(λx)dx]
=
−
1
3
[
∫
A
B
cos
(
λ
x
)
x
d
cos
(
x
3
)
+
∫
A
B
sin
(
λ
x
)
x
d
sin
(
x
3
)
]
=-\frac{1}{3}\left[ \int_{A}^{B}\frac{\cos(\lambda x)}{x}d\cos\left( x^3\right) +\int_{A}^{B}\frac{\sin(\lambda x)}{x}d\sin\left( x^3\right)\right]
=−31[∫ABxcos(λx)dcos(x3)+∫ABxsin(λx)dsin(x3)]
=
−
1
3
[
∫
A
B
cos
(
λ
x
)
x
cos
(
x
3
)
−
∫
A
B
sin
(
λ
x
)
x
sin
(
x
3
)
]
x
=
A
x
=
B
+
1
3
∫
A
B
[
−
λ
sin
(
λ
x
)
x
−
cos
(
λ
x
)
x
2
]
cos
(
x
3
)
d
x
+
1
3
∫
A
B
[
λ
cos
(
λ
x
)
x
−
sin
(
λ
x
)
x
3
]
sin
(
x
3
)
d
x
=-\frac{1}{3}\left[ \int_{A}^{B}\frac{\cos(\lambda x)}{x}\cos\left( x^3\right) -\int_{A}^{B}\frac{\sin(\lambda x)}{x}\sin\left( x^3\right)\right]_{x=A}^{x=B}+\frac{1}{3}\int_{A}^{B}\left[\frac{-\lambda\sin(\lambda x)}{x}-\frac{\cos(\lambda x)}{x^2} \right]\cos\left( x^3\right)dx+\frac{1}{3}\int_{A}^{B}\left[\frac{\lambda\cos(\lambda x)}{x}-\frac{\sin(\lambda x)}{x^3} \right]\sin\left( x^3\right)dx
=−31[∫ABxcos(λx)cos(x3)−∫ABxsin(λx)sin(x3)]x=Ax=B+31∫AB[x−λsin(λx)−x2cos(λx)]cos(x3)dx+31∫AB[xλcos(λx)−x3sin(λx)]sin(x3)dx
=
−
1
3
{
cos
(
λ
x
+
x
3
)
x
∣
x
=
A
x
=
B
+
∫
A
B
cos
(
λ
x
−
x
3
)
x
+
I
λ
,
A
B
}
=-\frac{1}{3}\{\frac{\cos(\lambda x+x^3)}{x}|_{x=A}^{x=B}+\int_{A}^{B}\frac{\cos(\lambda x-x^3)}{x}+I_{\lambda,AB}\}
=−31{xcos(λx+x3)∣x=Ax=B+∫ABxcos(λx−x3)+Iλ,AB}
下面我们研究一下
I
λ
,
A
B
I_{\lambda,AB}
Iλ,AB
I
λ
,
A
B
=
λ
∫
A
B
sin
(
λ
x
)
x
c
o
s
(
x
3
)
d
x
−
λ
∫
A
B
cos
(
λ
x
)
x
sin
(
x
3
)
d
x
I_{\lambda,AB}=\lambda\int_{A}^{B}\frac{\sin(\lambda x)}{x}cos(x^3)dx-\lambda\int_{A}^{B}\frac{\cos(\lambda x)}{x}\sin(x^3)dx
Iλ,AB=λ∫ABxsin(λx)cos(x3)dx−λ∫ABxcos(λx)sin(x3)dx
=
λ
3
∫
A
B
sin
(
λ
x
)
x
3
d
sin
(
x
3
)
+
λ
3
∫
A
B
cos
(
λ
x
)
x
3
d
cos
(
x
3
)
=\frac{\lambda}{3}\int_{A}^{B}\frac{\sin(\lambda x)}{x^3}d\sin(x^3)+\frac{\lambda}{3}\int_{A}^{B}\frac{\cos(\lambda x)}{x^3}d\cos(x^3)
=3λ∫ABx3sin(λx)dsin(x3)+3λ∫ABx3cos(λx)dcos(x3)
=
λ
3
{
cos
(
λ
x
−
x
3
)
x
3
∣
x
=
A
x
=
B
+
∫
A
B
[
λ
cos
(
λ
x
)
x
3
−
3
sin
(
λ
x
)
x
3
]
sin
(
x
3
)
−
[
−
λ
sin
(
λ
x
)
x
3
−
3
cos
(
λ
x
)
x
3
]
cos
(
x
3
)
d
x
}
=\frac{\lambda}{3}\{\frac{\cos(\lambda x-x^3)}{x^3}|_{x=A}^{x=B}+\int_{A}^{B}\left[\frac{\lambda\cos(\lambda x)}{x^3}-\frac{3\sin(\lambda x)}{x^3} \right]\sin(x^3) -\left[\frac{-\lambda\sin(\lambda x)}{x^3}-\frac{3\cos(\lambda x)}{x^3} \right]\cos(x^3)dx \}
=3λ{x3cos(λx−x3)∣x=Ax=B+∫AB[x3λcos(λx)−x33sin(λx)]sin(x3)−[x3−λsin(λx)−x33cos(λx)]cos(x3)dx}
综上所述，可以得到
∫
A
B
x
sin
(
x
3
−
λ
x
)
d
x
\int_{A}^{B}x\sin(x^3-\lambda x)dx
∫ABxsin(x3−λx)dx
=
−
1
3
{
cos
(
λ
x
+
x
3
)
x
∣
x
=
A
x
=
B
+
∫
x
=
A
x
=
B
cos
(
λ
x
−
x
3
)
x
2
d
x
+
λ
3
cos
(
λ
x
−
x
3
)
x
3
∣
x
=
A
x
=
B
−
λ
3
∫
A
B
[
λ
cos
(
λ
x
)
x
3
−
3
sin
(
λ
x
)
x
3
]
sin
(
x
3
)
−
[
−
λ
sin
(
λ
x
)
x
3
−
3
cos
(
λ
x
)
x
3
]
cos
(
x
3
)
d
x
}
=-\frac{1}{3}\{\frac{\cos(\lambda x+x^3)}{x}|_{x=A}^{x=B}+\int_{x=A}^{x=B}\frac{\cos(\lambda x-x^3)}{x^2}dx +\frac{\lambda}{3}\frac{\cos(\lambda x-x^3)}{x^3}|_{x=A}^{x=B} -\frac{\lambda}{3}\int_{A}^{B}\left[\frac{\lambda\cos(\lambda x)}{x^3}-\frac{3\sin(\lambda x)}{x^3} \right]\sin(x^3) -\left[\frac{-\lambda\sin(\lambda x)}{x^3}-\frac{3\cos(\lambda x)}{x^3} \right] \cos(x^3)dx \}
=−31{xcos(λx+x3)∣x=Ax=B+∫x=Ax=Bx2cos(λx−x3)dx+3λx3cos(λx−x3)∣x=Ax=B−3λ∫AB[x3λcos(λx)−x33sin(λx)]sin(x3)−[x3−λsin(λx)−x33cos(λx)]cos(x3)dx}
∫
A
∞
x
sin
(
x
3
−
λ
x
)
d
x
\int_{A}^{\infty}x\sin(x^3-\lambda x)dx
∫A∞xsin(x3−λx)dx
=
−
1
3
{
−
cos
(
λ
A
+
A
3
)
A
+
∫
A
∞
cos
(
λ
x
−
x
3
)
x
2
d
x
−
λ
3
cos
(
λ
A
−
A
3
)
A
3
−
λ
3
∫
A
∞
[
λ
cos
(
λ
x
)
x
3
−
3
sin
(
λ
x
)
x
3
]
sin
(
x
3
)
−
[
−
λ
sin
(
λ
x
)
x
3
−
3
cos
(
λ
x
)
x
3
]
cos
(
x
3
)
d
x
}
=-\frac{1}{3}\{-\frac{\cos(\lambda A+A^3)}{A}+\int_{A}^{\infty}\frac{\cos(\lambda x-x^3)}{x^2}dx -\frac{\lambda}{3}\frac{\cos(\lambda A-A^3)}{A^3} -\frac{\lambda}{3}\int_{A}^{\infty}\left[\frac{\lambda\cos(\lambda x)}{x^3}-\frac{3\sin(\lambda x)}{x^3} \right]\sin(x^3) -\left[\frac{-\lambda\sin(\lambda x)}{x^3}-\frac{3\cos(\lambda x)}{x^3} \right] \cos(x^3)dx \}
=−31{−Acos(λA+A3)+∫A∞x2cos(λx−x3)dx−3λA3cos(λA−A3)−3λ∫A∞[x3λcos(λx)−x33sin(λx)]sin(x3)−[x3−λsin(λx)−x33cos(λx)]cos(x3)dx}
∣
∫
A
∞
x
sin
(
x
3
−
λ
x
)
d
x
∣
⩽
1
3
{
1
A
+
∫
A
∞
1
x
2
d
x
+
∣
λ
∣
3
A
2
+
∣
λ
∣
3
∫
A
∞
2
∣
λ
∣
x
3
+
6
x
4
d
x
}
→
0
|\int_{A}^{\infty}x\sin(x^3-\lambda x)dx|\leqslant\frac{1}{3}\{\frac{1}{A}+\int_{A}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}dx+\frac{|\lambda|}{3A^2}+\frac{|\lambda|}{3}\int_{A}^{\infty}\frac{2|\lambda|}{x^3}+\frac{6}{x^4}dx\}\to0
∣∫A∞xsin(x3−λx)dx∣⩽31{A1+∫A∞x21dx+3A2∣λ∣+3∣λ∣∫A∞x32∣λ∣+x46dx}→0
(
A
→
∞
,
当
∣
λ
∣
有界时
)
(A\to\infty,\text{当}|\lambda|\text{有界时})
(A→∞,当∣λ∣有界时),
于是
∫
0
∞
x
sin
(
x
3
−
λ
x
)
d
x
\int_{0}^{\infty}x\sin(x^3-\lambda x)dx
∫0∞xsin(x3−λx)dx关于
∣
λ
∣
⩽
n
(
∀
n
∈
Z
+
)
|\lambda|\leqslant n(\forall n\in\mathbb{Z}_+)
∣λ∣⩽n(∀n∈Z+)一致连续,而
I
(
λ
)
I(\lambda)
I(λ)在
[
−
n
,
n
]
[-n,n]
[−n,n]上连续.由
n
n
n的任意性即知
I
(
λ
)
I(\lambda)
I(λ)在整个
R
\mathbb{R}
R上连续.
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