设 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 [ 0 , 2 ] [0,2] [0,2]上有一阶连续导数,满足 ∣ f ′ ( x ) ∣ ⩽ 1 , f ( 0 ) = f ( 2 ) = 1 |f'(x)|\leqslant 1,f(0)=f(2)=1 ∣f′(x)∣⩽1,f(0)=f(2)=1,求证:
1 ⩽ ∫ 0 2 f ( x ) d x ⩽ 3 1\leqslant \int_{0}^{2}f(x)dx\leqslant 3 1⩽∫02f(x)dx⩽3
由Lagrange中值定理得:
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
0
)
=
f
′
(
ξ
1
)
x
,
ξ
1
∈
(
0
,
x
)
,
f(x)-f(0)=f'(\xi_1)x,\xi_1\in(0,x),
f(x)−f(0)=f′(ξ1)x,ξ1∈(0,x),
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
2
)
=
f
′
(
ξ
2
)
(
x
−
2
)
,
ξ
2
∈
(
x
,
2
)
,
f(x)-f(2)=f'(\xi_2)(x-2),\xi_2\in(x,2),
f(x)−f(2)=f′(ξ2)(x−2),ξ2∈(x,2),
即
f
(
x
)
⩾
1
−
x
,
f
(
x
)
⩾
x
−
1
与
f
(
x
)
⩽
1
+
x
,
f
(
x
)
⩽
3
−
x
.
f(x)\geqslant 1-x,f(x)\geqslant x-1\text{与}f(x)\leqslant 1+x,f(x)\leqslant 3-x.
f(x)⩾1−x,f(x)⩾x−1与f(x)⩽1+x,f(x)⩽3−x.
因此
∫
0
2
f
(
x
)
d
x
⩾
∫
0
1
(
1
−
x
)
d
x
+
∫
1
2
(
x
−
1
)
d
x
=
1
\int_{0}^{2}f(x)dx\geqslant \int_{0}^{1}(1-x)dx+\int_{1}^{2}(x-1)dx=1
∫02f(x)dx⩾∫01(1−x)dx+∫12(x−1)dx=1
与
∫
0
2
f
(
x
)
d
x
⩽
∫
0
1
(
1
+
x
)
d
x
+
∫
1
2
(
3
−
x
)
d
x
=
1
\int_{0}^{2}f(x)dx\leqslant \int_{0}^{1}(1+x)dx+\int_{1}^{2}(3-x)dx=1
∫02f(x)dx⩽∫01(1+x)dx+∫12(3−x)dx=1
即证.
这个解法对
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)展到一阶,技巧在于题目条件的运用.