Boost(4)：boost::noncopyable类详解

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最新推荐文章于 2024-07-12 14:50:19 发布

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分类专栏： Boost库学习与应用文章标签： c++ 开发语言 boost

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本文解析了boost::noncopyable类的作用及其实现原理，通过示例展示了如何禁止类被复制，并探讨了不同编译环境下该类的行为差异。

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1. 说明

在上一篇的示例中在说明封装抽象类时有用到boost::noncopyable类，在实际使用的很多情况下，加没加这个类似乎对我的操作没有影响，那么这个类到底有什么作用呢，在这篇笔记中详细分析一下。

1.1 noncopyable作用

其官方说明是：Private copy constructor and copy assignment ensure classes derived from class noncopyable cannot be copied.大意是将私有化类的拷贝构造函数和拷贝赋值操作符，这样子类可以调用，但是外部调用者不能通过复制/赋值等语句来产生一个新的对象。

boost::noncopyable主要的用法是作为父类供其他类继承其特性。

2. 示例

这里定义了两个类Test1和Test2，其中Test2继承boost::noncopyable的特性

#include <iostream>

#include <boost/noncopyable.hpp>

class Test1 {
    public:
    Test1(int i) {std::cout << "This is Test1 that is copyable" << std::endl;}
};

class Test2 : boost::noncopyable {
    public:
    Test2(int i) {std::cout << "This is Test2 that is noncopyable" << std::endl;}
};

int main()
{
    Test1 t1(1);
    Test2 t2(2);

    Test1 t3 = t1;    // It's OK
    Test1 t4(t1);     // It's OK

    Test2 t5 = t2;    // Cannot be referenced
    Test2 t6(t2);     // Cannot be referenced
    Test2 &t7 = t2;   // It's OK

    return 0;
}

直接编译时会报错，如下：

g++ test.cpp

test.cpp: In function ‘int main()’:
test.cpp:23:16: error: use of deleted function ‘Test2::Test2(const Test2&)’
   23 |     Test2 t5 = t2;    // Cannot be referenced
      |                ^~
test.cpp:10:7: note: ‘Test2::Test2(const Test2&)’ is implicitly deleted because the default definition would be ill-formed:
   10 | class Test2 : boost::noncopyable {
      |       ^~~~~
test.cpp:10:7: error: use of deleted function ‘boost::noncopyable_::noncopyable::noncopyable(const boost::noncopyable_::noncopyable&)’
In file included from /usr/local/include/boost/noncopyable.hpp:15,
                 from test.cpp:3:
/usr/local/include/boost/core/noncopyable.hpp:49:7: note: declared here
   49 |       noncopyable( const noncopyable& ) = delete;
      |       ^~~~~~~~~~~
test.cpp:24:16: error: use of deleted function ‘Test2::Test2(const Test2&)’
   24 |     Test2 t6(t2);     // Cannot be referenced

从编译信息可以看出，Test2不支持使用复制的方式来实例化类。

3. boost::noncopyable类详解

boost::noncopyable定义在 <boost/core/noncopyable.hpp> 中。定义如下：

namespace boost {

//  Private copy constructor and copy assignment ensure classes derived from
//  class noncopyable cannot be copied.

//  Contributed by Dave Abrahams

namespace noncopyable_  // protection from unintended ADL
{
#ifndef BOOST_NONCOPYABLE_BASE_TOKEN_DEFINED
#define BOOST_NONCOPYABLE_BASE_TOKEN_DEFINED

// noncopyable derives from base_token to enable Type Traits to detect
// whether a type derives from noncopyable without needing the definition
// of noncopyable itself.
//
// The definition of base_token is macro-guarded so that Type Trais can
// define it locally without including this header, to avoid a dependency
// on Core.

  struct base_token {};

#endif // #ifndef BOOST_NONCOPYABLE_BASE_TOKEN_DEFINED

  class noncopyable: base_token
  {
  protected:
#if !defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS) && !defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_NON_PUBLIC_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS)
      BOOST_CONSTEXPR noncopyable() = default;
      ~noncopyable() = default;
#else
      noncopyable() {}
      ~noncopyable() {}
#endif
#if !defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_DELETED_FUNCTIONS)
      noncopyable( const noncopyable& ) = delete;
      noncopyable& operator=( const noncopyable& ) = delete;
#else
  private:  // emphasize the following members are private
      noncopyable( const noncopyable& );
      noncopyable& operator=( const noncopyable& );
#endif
  };
}

typedef noncopyable_::noncopyable noncopyable;

} // namespace boost

注意其中的关键语句：

#if !defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_DELETED_FUNCTIONS)
      noncopyable( const noncopyable& ) = delete;
      noncopyable& operator=( const noncopyable& ) = delete;
#else
  private:  // emphasize the following members are private
      noncopyable( const noncopyable& );
      noncopyable& operator=( const noncopyable& );
#endif

BOOST_NO_CXX11_DELETED_FUNCTIONS类重载了复制和"=“运算符，将它们变为"delete”。上面的语句中如果没有定义BOOST_NO_CXX11_DELETED_FUNCTIONS类，那么直接实现了重载运算符的功能，如果有定义，则将这两个运算符变成私有成员。即无论如何，noncopyable类下复制和"="运算符都被重载为"delete"了。