1、matplotlib
matplotlib是numpy的扩展，可以实现python框架下的可视化，类似MATLAB的图像可视化。
2、基本操作
直方图、散点图、3D图、折线图、热力图、bar图。
2.1绘画直方图
#matplotlib使用
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from numpy.random import normal,rand
x = normal(size=200)
plt.hist(x,bins=30)
plt.show()
效果：
2.2散点图
#2、散点图
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from numpy.random import rand
a = rand(100)
b = rand(100)
plt.scatter(a,b)
plt.show()
效果：
其他散点图：
class Plot(object):
def __init__(self, ref, pred):
self.ref = ref
self.pred = pred
def plot(self):
'''
绘制预测类别分布图以及真实类别分布图
输入：真实样本标签self.ref;实际结果标签self.pred
输出：
'''
# font = {'family' : 'normal',
# # 'weight' : 'bold',
# 'size' : 18}
# matplotlib.rc('font', **font)
#1.绘制真实标签分布
fig1 = plt.figure('True_fig', figsize = (16,12))
fig1.suptitle('True Label Distribution',fontsize = 20)
ax1 = fig1.add_subplot(1,1,1)
minorLocator = MultipleLocator(base = 413)
ax1.scatter(x = np.arange(len(self.ref)), y = self.ref, c = 'red', marker = 'o',
linewidths = 0.01,
)#color = 'red', marker = 'o', markersize = 1,
ticks1 = ax1.set_yticks(list(np.arange(22)))
#也可以将其他值用作标签
labels1 = ax1.set_yticklabels(['Normal','Fault 1', 'Fault 2','Fault 3','Fault 4','Fault 5','Fault 6','Fault 7','Fault 8', 'Fault 9',
'Fault 10', 'Fault 11', 'Fault 12', 'Fault 13', 'Fault 14', 'Fault 15', 'Fault 16', 'Fault 17',
'Fault 18', 'Fault 19', 'Fault 20', 'Fault 21'],
rotation=0, fontsize='small')
# Set minor tick locations.
ax1.yaxis.set_minor_locator(MultipleLocator(1))
ax1.xaxis.set_minor_locator(minorLocator)
yticks = FormatStrFormatter('')
ax1.set_xlabel("sample NO.")
ax1.set_ylabel("Label")
# Set grid to use minor tick locations.
ax1.grid(which = 'minor')
extraticks = [9086]
plt.xticks(list(plt.xticks()[0]) + extraticks)
ax1.set_xlim(xmin = -100, xmax = 9200)
# ax1.legend(loc = 'best')
# ax1.xaxis.set_tick_params(pad=2)
for item in ([ax1.title, ax1.xaxis.label, ax1.yaxis.label]):
item.set_fontsize(20)
for item in (ax1.get_xticklabels()+ax1.get_yticklabels()):
item.set_fontsize(14)
#+ )
fig1.tight_layout(rect=[0, 0.03, 1, 0.95])
现在用的：
#1.绘制真实标签分布
fig1 = plt.figure('True_fig', figsize = (16,12))
fig1.suptitle('True Label Distribution',fontsize = 20)
ax1 = fig1.add_subplot(1,1,1)
minorLocator = MultipleLocator(base = num)
ax1.scatter(x = np.arange(len(self.ref)), y = self.ref, c = 'red', marker = 'o',
linewidths = 0.01,
)#color = 'red', marker = 'o', markersize = 1,
ticks1 = ax1.set_yticks(list(np.arange(22)))
#也可以将其他值用作标签
labels1 = ax1.set_yticklabels(['Normal','Fault 1', 'Fault 2','Fault 3','Fault 4','Fault 5','Fault 6','Fault 7','Fault 8', 'Fault 9',
'Fault 10', 'Fault 11', 'Fault 12', 'Fault 13', 'Fault 14', 'Fault 15', 'Fault 16', 'Fault 17',
'Fault 18', 'Fault 19', 'Fault 20', 'Fault 21'],
rotation=0, fontsize='small')
# Set minor tick locations.
ax1.yaxis.set_minor_locator(MultipleLocator(1))
ax1.xaxis.set_minor_locator(minorLocator)
yticks = FormatStrFormatter('')
ax1.set_xlabel("sample NO.")
ax1.set_ylabel("Label")
# Set grid to use minor tick locations.
ax1.grid(which = 'minor')
extraticks = [length]
plt.xticks(list(plt.xticks()[0]) + extraticks)
ax1.set_xlim(xmin = xminValue, xmax = xmaxValue )
# ax1.legend(loc = 'best')
# ax1.xaxis.set_tick_params(pad=2)
for item in ([ax1.title, ax1.xaxis.label, ax1.yaxis.label]):
item.set_fontsize(20)
for item in (ax1.get_xticklabels()+ax1.get_yticklabels()):
item.set_fontsize(14)
#+ )
#tight_layout() only considers ticklabels, axis labels, and titles.
fig1.tight_layout(rect=[0, 0.03, 1, 0.95])
# plt.savefig(picDir + "trueLabel{}.pdf".format(self.picName))
if self.save:
plt.savefig(picDir + "trueLabel{}.png".format(picName), dpi = (300))
2.3 3D图绘制
#3、3D图
from matplotlib import cm
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
X = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.25)
Y = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.25)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(X, Y)
R = np.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
Z = np.sin(R)
surf = ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap=cm.coolwarm)
plt.show()
效果：
scatter 的3D图：
# This import registers the 3D projection, but is otherwise unused.
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D # noqa: F401 unused import
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# Fixing random state for reproducibility
np.random.seed(19680801)
def randrange(n, vmin, vmax):
'''
Helper function to make an array of random numbers having shape (n, )
with each number distributed Uniform(vmin, vmax).
'''
return (vmax - vmin)*np.random.rand(n) + vmin
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
n = 100
# For each set of style and range settings, plot n random points in the box
# defined by x in [23, 32], y in [0, 100], z in [zlow, zhigh].
for m, zlow, zhigh in [('o', -50, -25), ('^', -30, -5)]:
xs = randrange(n, 23, 32)
ys = randrange(n, 0, 100)
zs = randrange(n, zlow, zhigh)
ax.scatter(xs, ys, zs, marker=m)
ax.set_xlabel('X Label')
ax.set_ylabel('Y Label')
ax.set_zlabel('Z Label')
plt.show()
2.4 绘制折线图、散点图
以accuracy变化为例。
def plotAccuracy(trainAccList, testAccList):
'''
绘制精度图，原文：https://blog.csdn.net/tsq292978891/article/details/79862887
'''
plt.figure(figsize=(25,16))
plt.grid(linestyle = "--") #设置背景网格线为虚线
ax = plt.gca()
#ax.spines['top'].set_visible(False) #去掉上边框
#ax.spines['right'].set_visible(False) #去掉右边框
# xgroup_labels=['100%','80%','60%','40%','20%','0%'] #x轴刻度的标识
# ygroup_labels=['0.0','0.1','0.2','0.3','0.4','0.5','0.6','0.7','0.8','0.9','1.0'] #y轴刻度的标识
# plt.xticks(x,xgroup_labels[::-1],fontsize=18,fontweight='bold') #默认字体大小为10
# plt.yticks(y,ygroup_labels,fontsize=18,fontweight='bold')
# axis 0 and axis 1 Font
# 先画折现图
# [::-1]
plt.plot(20*np.arange(len(trainAccList)), np.array(trainAccList), label="Train Accuracy",linewidth=4)
plt.plot(20*np.arange(len(testAccList)), np.array(testAccList), label="Test Accuracy",linewidth=4)
# 再画散点图
plt.scatter(20*np.arange(len(trainAccList)), np.array(trainAccList),c = 'red',s=300,marker = '.')
plt.scatter(20*np.arange(len(testAccList)), np.array(testAccList), c = 'green',s=300,marker = '.')
plt.title("Accuracy",fontsize=20,fontweight='bold') #默认字体大小为12
plt.xlabel("Step",fontsize=20,fontweight='bold')
plt.ylabel("Accuracy",fontsize=20,fontweight='bold')
# plt.xlim(0.0,1.0) #设置x轴的范围
plt.ylim(0.0,1.0)
plt.legend() #显示各曲线的图例
plt.legend(loc=3,numpoints=1)
leg = plt.gca().get_legend()
ltext = leg.get_texts()
plt.setp(ltext,fontsize=22,fontweight='bold') #设置图例字体的大小和粗细
for item in ([ax.title, ax.xaxis.label, ax.yaxis.label]):
item.set_fontsize(20)
for item in (ax.get_xticklabels()+ax.get_yticklabels()):
item.set_fontsize(18)
plt.show()
添加竖线：
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
def plotLoss(loss, step = 3, length = 25, height = 16):
'''input: np.array
output: two stage loss'''
plt.figure(figsize=(length, height))
plt.grid(linestyle = "--") #设置背景网格线为虚线
ax = plt.gca()
# 先画折现图
# [::-1]
plt.plot(np.arange(len(loss)), np.array(loss),
label="loss",linewidth=4)
# 再画散点图
plt.scatter(np.arange(len(loss)), np.array(loss),c = 'red',s=300,marker = '.')
plt.title("loss",fontsize=20,fontweight='bold') #默认字体大小为12
plt.xlabel("Step",fontsize=20,fontweight='bold')
plt.ylabel("loss",fontsize=20,fontweight='bold')
y_min = 0.0
y_max = max(loss)*1.05
# plt.xlim(0.0,1.0) #设置x轴的范围
plt.ylim(y_min, y_max)
# 竖线分割两个阶段
plt.vlines(step, y_min, y_max, colors = "c", linestyles = "dashed")
plt.legend() #显示各曲线的图例
plt.legend(loc=3,numpoints=1)
leg = plt.gca().get_legend()
ltext = leg.get_texts()
plt.setp(ltext,fontsize=22,fontweight='bold') #设置图例字体的大小和粗细
for item in (ax.get_xticklabels()+ax.get_yticklabels()):
item.set_fontsize(18)
plt.show()
plt.close()
if __name__ == "__main__":
loss = np.array([3, 2, 1 , 0.4, 0.2])
plotLoss(loss, length = 10, height = 8)
效果：
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
line = plt.plot([1,2,3], [1,2,3], 'go-', label='line 1',
linewidth=2)
plt.legend(line)
plt.show()
marker 有：
2.5 数值用图表示imshow
def showArray(P, cmap = 'viridis'):
'''
show matrix with picture, and if the cmap is belongs to diverging colormaps,
set midvalue as the center color.
'''
# The normal figure
# Limits for the extent
x_start = 0.0
x_end = 1.0
y_start = 0.0
y_end = 1.0
extent = [x_start, x_end, y_start, y_end]
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16, 12))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
im = ax.imshow(P, extent=extent, interpolation='None', cmap=cmap)
fig.colorbar(im)
# Add the text
size = int(len(P))
jump_x = (x_end - x_start) / (2.0 * size)
jump_y = (y_end - y_start) / (2.0 * size)
x_positions = np.linspace(start=x_start, stop=x_end, num=size, endpoint=False)
y_positions = np.linspace(start=y_start, stop=y_end, num=size, endpoint=False)
for y_index, y in enumerate(y_positions):
for x_index, x in enumerate(x_positions):
label = round(P[len(y_positions) - 1 - y_index, x_index], 2)
text_x = x + jump_x
text_y = y + jump_y
ax.text(text_x, text_y, label, fontsize = 10, color='black', ha='center', va='center')
plt.show()
plt.close()
P = np.random.randint(low = 1,high = 10, size = (3,3))
showArray(P)
result:
如果我们需要设定中心值，
class MidpointNormalize(colors.Normalize):
"""
Normalise the colorbar so that diverging bars work there way either
side from a prescribed midpoint value)
e.g. im=ax1.imshow(array, norm=MidpointNormalize(midpoint=0.,vmin=-100, vmax=100))
"""
def __init__(self, vmin=None, vmax=None, midpoint=None, clip=False):
self.midpoint = midpoint
colors.Normalize.__init__(self, vmin, vmax, clip)
def __call__(self, value, clip=None):
# I'm ignoring masked values and all kinds of edge cases to make a
# simple example...
x, y = [self.vmin, self.midpoint, self.vmax], [0, 0.5, 1]
return np.ma.masked_array(np.interp(value, x, y), np.isnan(value))
def showArray(P, cmap = 'viridis', midvalue = 0):
'''
show matrix with picture, and if the cmap is belongs to diverging colormaps,
set midvalue as the center color.
'''
# The normal figure
# Limits for the extent
x_start = 0.0
x_end = 1.0
y_start = 0.0
y_end = 1.0
extent = [x_start, x_end, y_start, y_end]
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16, 12))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
im = ax.imshow(P, extent=extent, interpolation='None', cmap=cmap,
norm=MidpointNormalize(midpoint= midvalue,vmin=np.min(P), vmax=np.max(P)))
fig.colorbar(im)
plt.show()
P = build_random_P(10, noise) - 0.1
showArray(P, cmap = 'seismic')
With center value setting:
Without center setting:
2.6 1D 绘图
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as pp
val = 0. # this is the value where you want the data to appear on the y-axis.
ar = np.arange(10) # just as an example array
pp.plot(ar, np.zeros_like(ar) + val, 'x')
pp.show()
result：
2.7 bar 绘图
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
labels = ['G1', 'G2', 'G3', 'G4', 'G5']
men_means = [20, 34, 30, 35, 27]
women_means = [25, 32, 34, 20, 25]
x = np.arange(len(labels)) # the label locations
width = 0.35 # the width of the bars
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
rects1 = ax.bar(x - width/2, men_means, width, label='Men')
rects2 = ax.bar(x + width/2, women_means, width, label='Women')
# Add some text for labels, title and custom x-axis tick labels, etc.
ax.set_ylabel('Scores')
ax.set_title('Scores by group and gender')
ax.set_xticks(x)
ax.set_xticklabels(labels)
ax.legend()
def autolabel(rects):
"""Attach a text label above each bar in *rects*, displaying its height."""
for rect in rects:
height = rect.get_height()
ax.annotate('{}'.format(height),
xy=(rect.get_x() + rect.get_width() / 2, height),
xytext=(0, 3), # 3 points vertical offset
textcoords="offset points",
ha='center', va='bottom')
autolabel(rects1)
autolabel(rects2)
fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()
2.8双纵坐标绘图
def plot(tmpdf, tmpdf2,col_list,label_list,title="",xcol = "time",ylabel="",rotation = 0):
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10,5))
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(111)
ax1.plot(np.arange(len(tmpdf)), tmpdf[col_list[0]], 'g^-', markersize=6, label = label_list[0])
ax1.set_ylabel(ylabel)
ax1.legend(loc='best')
ax2 = ax1.twinx() # this is the important function
ax2.plot(np.arange(len(tmpdf2)), tmpdf2[col_list[1]], 'yv-', markersize=6,
label = label_list[1])
ax2.legend(loc='best')
ax2.set_ylabel(ylabel)
if xcol:
plt.xticks(np.arange(len(tmpdf[xcol])))
ax1.set_xticklabels(tmpdf[xcol], rotation=rotation)
if title:
plt.title(title)
if ylabel:
plt.ylabel(ylabel)
plt.grid()
plt.show()
3. 其他
极坐标绘图：
import math
import numpy as np
sin = np.sin
pi = np.pi
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
theta=np.arange(0,2*np.pi,0.02)
ax1 = plt.subplot(121, projection='polar')
ax1.plot(theta,2*np.abs(sin(2*theta)) + np.abs(sin(4*theta)),'--',lw=2)
plt.show()
3.2 动图
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Tue Jun 18 20:51:48 2019
@author: win10
"""
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import animation
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
x = np.arange(0, 2 * np.pi, 0.01)
line0 = ax.plot(x, np.cos(x))
line, = ax.plot(x, np.sin(x))
def init():
line.set_ydata(np.sin(x))
return line,
def animate(i):
line.set_ydata(np.sin(x + i / 10.0))
return line,
animation = animation.FuncAnimation(fig=fig, func=animate, frames=100,
init_func=init, interval=20, blit=False)
animation.save('resetvalue.gif', writer='imagemagick')
plt.show()
（缺陷：只重复展示过程一次）
此外，需要额外下载 imagemagick。
4.Color
Alias Color
‘b’ blue
‘g’ green
‘r’ red
‘c’ cyan
‘m’ magenta
‘y’ yellow
‘k’ black
‘w’ white
5.其他绘图包
参考：
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