在英语中,besides、but、except、except for、except that和except when都可表示“除……外”之意,但是它们的含义和用法各不相同,不能混淆。现编如下口诀,以帮助正确地区别与使用:
辨析“除外”看含义, “包括在内”besides①。
except、but“不包括”, “除去”后面名代词②。
but前有不定词, 后面常跟不定式③。
except that接从句④, except for不同质⑤。
表“时间”when连词⑥, 巧别except众兄弟。
说明:
①besides表示“除……外,还有”,即包括后面人或物在内,相当于as well as。例:
1)I asked the teacher a lot of questions besides(as well as)themost important one,除了那个最重要的问题外,我还问了老师许多问题。
2)Besides(As well as)his work in physics he spent much timeworking for human rights and
progress.除了物理学方面的工作之外,他还花了很多时间为人权和进步而工作。
②except和but(prep)表示“除去……”,不包括后面的名词或代词所表示的人或事物,相当于only。例:
1)My father goes to work every day except saturday and Sunday.我的父亲除星期六和星期日之外,每天都上班。
(=My father doesn’t go to work only on Saturday and Sunday)
2)All the students in our class failed in the final exam except her andme.除我和她之外,我们班其他学生期末考试都未及格。
(=Only she and I passed the final exam In our class.)
③当but(prep)作“除……外”讲时,前面一般有all、nothing、no-body等不定代词,后面常跟不定式连用。例:
1)Nobody was late but you two.除了你们俩外再无人迟到。(=Only you two were late.)
2)Then it has no choice but to lie down and sleep.于是,它除躺下睡觉之外,别无选择。
④except that“除了,只是”,后接that引导的宾语从句。例:
1)Except that she speaks too fast,she is a good English teacher.除了她说话太快,她是一位很好的英语教师。
2) We learn little about the moon,except that there is neither airnor water on it.关于月球的情况我们不清楚,只知道上面既无空气又无水。
⑤except for是“除了”或“只有”之意,表示它的前后是性质相反的事情,强调前项。例:
1)Your English composition is excellent except for some
grammarmistakes.你的英语作文写得不错,只是有一些语法错误。
2)The place is not worth visiting except for its old temples.这个地方只有几座古庙,不值得参观。
⑥except when含义为“除了……时候”,指时间,后踉when引导的宾语从句。例:
1)The professor used to go out for a walk every afternoon except when it rained.除了雨天,那位教授习惯于每天下午都出外散步。
2)His elder brother reaches his office on time every day except when the bus is late.除了车晚点外,他的哥哥每天都按时到达办公室。