c++ key word const

1. const修饰变量

    const int a = 10; // declare a constant

    const int* pa;  // variable pa pointer points to a constant not correct, should be could not change the *pa by pa.

    int* const pb;  // constant pointer pb points to a variable

    const int* const pa; // constant pointer pc points to a constant

    int *pc = &a;     // error

    const int* pa = &a;  // ok

    const int &ra = a; // ok

    int &rb = a;  // error

confusion:

      int main()

      {

        const int a = 10;

        int *pa = (int *) &a;

        *pa = 11;

        printf("*pa = %d \n", *pa);

        printf("a =  %d\n", a);

        return 0;

       }

output:

       *pa = 11

       a = 10

but use gdb to check value, 

        *pa 11

          a  11

solved, 由于编译器优化，a 被存放到寄存器里面，解决方法 在前面加上volatile const int a. 或者关闭编译器优化选项。

why? could someone explain?

2. const parameter 不改变 parameter

    void print(const string s);

    string str("Hello  world")

    print(str);   // ok

3. const return value

    const get();

    prevent users to change the return value

4. const member function

    void ClassName::print(string s) const
   just use in member function, it indicates that the function doesn't change the member variable

   const and non-const function could overload