图像复原之逆滤波

1.逆滤波的问题点

      图像的老化，可以视为以下这样的一个过程。一个是退化函数的影响（致使图片模糊，褪色等），一个可加性噪声的影响。

用算式表示为 

    前几篇博文，主要是介绍可加性噪声的去除。本博文，主要介绍图像的逆滤波，即退化函数的去除。然而，逆滤波在空间域内的处理是很不方便的。

    简单的来考虑，加法的逆运算是减法，乘法的逆运算的除法，微分的逆运算是积分(严密一点说是不定积分)。那么就可以得到一个简单的结论了，要出去卷积的话，肯定需要用到卷积的逆运算。卷积的逆运算是---------反卷积，额，好像是一个理所应当的名字。 我们建立了一个关于卷积的直观认识，将信号反转与滤波器系数求积和。那么，反卷积是一种什么样的运算呢？或者具体的来讲，反卷积的空间运算表现形式是什么样的？这样的考虑其实是多余的，或者说，不用考虑的那么复杂。

    在之前的博文中([数字图像处理]频域滤波(1)--基础与低通滤波器)，我们得到这样的一个重要的结论。空间域内的卷积，其实就是频域内的乘积。那么这么考虑，就非常简单了，频域内的逆滤波运算，其实就是做除法。我们通过傅里叶变换，可以得到如下一个频域内的老化模型。

    

这样一个表达式内，没有了卷积运算，是一个很简单的四则运算。那么，所谓的去卷积或者逆滤波，就是将退化函数去除的过程。这样看来的话，直接做除法就可以了，如下所示。

    按照教材上的说法，这个表达式很有趣（哪里有趣了？）。首先，必须知道精确的退化函数。其次，如果退化函数含有0值或者极小值的话，会使得噪声项变得极大。

    综上所述，其实逆滤波的问题点有两个：、

    1.退化函数的推测。

    2.尽可能的不让噪声项影响画质。

   

2.两个退化函数的模型

   2.1 大气湍流模型 

   这个模型很简单，与高斯LPF很相似。伴随着值的增大，得到的图像越来越模糊。以下是这个模型执行的结果。

从表示式上可以看出，这个模型是不会有0值的，不过，这个模型与低通滤波器很相似，阻带的值都是极小的。这可能会使得图像的直接逆滤波失败。这个之后再说。

    

     2.2 运动模糊模型

     这个模型其实在Photoshop上也有一个同名的滤镜。详细的推倒我就不做了，这个模型的表达式如下所示。

这里有几个参数，说明一下。表示曝光时间，这里的与表示了水平移动量与垂直移动量。值得一提的是，不要忘记下面这样一个重要的极限。

注意，运动模糊后的图像的尺寸会变化，如果还是按照原图截取，会造成图像成分的损失，在复原图像时候效果不是太好，而且不知道导致效果不好的原因，是由于成分的缺失，还是噪声的干扰。所以，这里我适当的扩展了图像的尺寸，以保留图像的所有成分

    此模型的执行结果如下所示。

3.图像的逆滤波

   3.1 实验步骤与实验用图像

   我们是这样的一个实验步骤，首先，使用退化函数处理图像，然后加上适当的可加性噪声。使用这样的图像进行逆滤波实验。

   下面是实验用图像。图像的噪声选用的是高斯噪声，均值为0，方差为0.08。退化函数则选用先前叙述的两种，一个个大气湍流模型，一个是运动模糊。

    3.2 直接逆滤波

    所谓直接逆滤波，就是不管噪声的影响，直接进行逆滤波的方法。

对于大气湍流模型而言，直接逆滤波会得到很不理想的结果。下面是直接逆滤波的实验结果。

     实验结果完全没有任何价值。观察其频谱，频谱的四角很亮，而原本频谱最亮的直流分量都看不到了。所以，这里做一个限制处理。也就是，仅仅只处理靠近直流分量的部分，其他的不做处理。然后处理完的结果，过一个10阶巴特沃斯低通滤波器。可以得到如下结果。

     这样的话，只需要调整限制半径，可以得到一个比之前较好的结果。当然，这招在运动模糊的图片面前，就略显得无力了。结果我就不贴了。

     3.3 维纳滤波器

     维纳滤波器的推导，其实是个很复杂的过程。这里就不推导了，直接看结果，可以得到一些有用的结论。

观察式子，对于合适的常数，有如下两个结论。

1.对于退化函数很小的点，相对而言常数 的值很大，其倒数 不会太大。

2.对于退化函数很小的点，相对而言常数的值很小，其倒数 基本保持不变。

下面的维纳滤波器的实验结果：

    3.4 约束最小二乘方滤波

    其实这个方法是一个很好的想法，将图像的能量作为评价图像平滑程度的度量，尽可能的将其平滑。设噪声的能量是一个定值，使用拉普拉斯未定系数法，将其进行迭代，然后解开。 这种方法有了很多的变种，包括很著名的TV(Total Variation，全变分)模型，这个我之后的博文会讲到。

    在这里，使用本方法的目的是，减少噪音对于逆滤波的影响。表达式如下所示。

这个滤波器，可以消除很严重的噪声，并且复原图像。将实验用图像的噪声的方差提升到0.2，再进行滤波，可以得到如下结果。

    4 实验代码

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close all ; clear all ; clc ; %% ----------init----------------------------- f = imread ( './original_DIP.tif' ); f = mat2gray ( f ,[ 0 255 ]); f_original = f ; [ M , N ] = size ( f ); P = 2 * M ; Q = 2 * N ; fc = zeros ( M , N ); for x = 1 : 1 : M for y = 1 : 1 : N fc ( x , y ) = f ( x , y ) * ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); end end F_I = fft2 ( fc , P , Q ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( f ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'a).Original Image' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( F_I )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'b).Fourier spectrum of a).' ); %% ------motion blur------------------ H = zeros ( P , Q ); a = 0.02 ; b = 0.02 ; T = 1 ; for x = ( - P / 2 ): 1 :( P / 2 ) - 1 for y = ( - Q / 2 ): 1 :( Q / 2 ) - 1 R = ( x * a + y * b ) * pi ; if ( R == 0 ) H ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ) = T ; else H ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ) = ( T / R ) * ( sin ( R )) * exp ( - 1 i * R ); end end end %% ------the atmospheric turbulence modle------------------ H_1 = zeros ( P , Q ); k = 0.0025 ; for x = ( - P / 2 ): 1 :( P / 2 ) - 1 for y = ( - Q / 2 ): 1 :( Q / 2 ) - 1 D = ( x^ 2 + y^ 2 )^ ( 5 / 6 ); D_0 = 60 ; H_1 ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ) = exp ( - k * D ); end end %% -----------noise------------------ a = 0 ; b = 0.2 ; n_gaussian = a + b .* randn ( M , N ); Noise = fft2 ( n_gaussian , P , Q ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( n_gaussian ,[ - 1 1 ]); xlabel ( 'a).Gaussian noise' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( Noise )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'b).Fourier spectrum of a).' ); %% G = H .* F_I + Noise ; % G = H_1 .* F_I + Noise; gc = ifft2 ( G ); gc = gc ( 1 : 1 : M + 27 , 1 : 1 : N + 27 ); for x = 1 : 1 :( M + 27 ) for y = 1 : 1 :( N + 27 ) g ( x , y ) = gc ( x , y ) .* ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); end end gc = gc ( 1 : 1 : M , 1 : 1 : N ); for x = 1 : 1 :( M ) for y = 1 : 1 :( N ) g ( x , y ) = gc ( x , y ) .* ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); end end figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( f ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'a).Original Image' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( F_I )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'b).Fourier spectrum of a).' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( abs ( H ),[ ]); xlabel ( 'c).The motion modle H(u,v)(a=0.02,b=0.02,T=1)' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); n = 1 : 1 : P ; plot ( n , abs ( H ( 400 ,:))); axis ([ 0 P 0 1 ]); grid ; xlabel ( 'H(n,400)' ); ylabel ( '|H(u,v)|' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( real ( g ),[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'd).Result image' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( G )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'e).Fourier spectrum of d). ' ); %% --------------inverse_filtering--------------------- %F = G ./ H; %F = G ./ H_1; for x = ( - P / 2 ): 1 :( P / 2 ) - 1 for y = ( - Q / 2 ): 1 :( Q / 2 ) - 1 D = ( x^ 2 + y^ 2 )^ ( 0.5 ); if ( D < 258 ) F ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ) = G ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ) ./ H_1 ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ); % no noise D < 188 % noise D < 56 else F ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ) = G ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ); end end end % Butterworth_Lowpass_Filters H_B = zeros ( P , Q ); D_0 = 70 ; for x = ( - P / 2 ): 1 :( P / 2 ) - 1 for y = ( - Q / 2 ): 1 :( Q / 2 ) - 1 D = ( x^ 2 + y^ 2 )^ ( 0.5 ); %if(D < 200) H_B(x+(P/2)+1,y+(Q/2)+1) = 1/(1+(D/D_0)^100);end H_B ( x + ( P / 2 ) + 1 , y + ( Q / 2 ) + 1 ) = 1 / ( 1 + ( D / D_0 )^ 20 ); end end F = F .* H_B ; f = real ( ifft2 ( F )); f = f ( 1 : 1 : M , 1 : 1 : N ); for x = 1 : 1 :( M ) for y = 1 : 1 :( N ) f ( x , y ) = f ( x , y ) * ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); end end %% ------show Result------------------ figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( f ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'a).Result image' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( F )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'b).Fourier spectrum of a).' ); figure (); n = 1 : 1 : P ; plot ( n , abs ( F ( 400 ,:)), 'r-' , n , abs ( F ( 400 ,:)), 'b-' ); axis ([ 0 P 0 1000 ]); grid ; xlabel ( 'Number of rows(400th column)' ); ylabel ( 'Fourier amplitude spectrum' ); legend ( 'F_{limit}(u,v)' , 'F(u,v)' ); figure (); n = 1 : 1 : P ; plot ( n , abs ( H ( 400 ,:)), 'g-' ); axis ([ 0 P 0 1 ]); grid ; xlabel ( 'H''_{s}(n,400)' ); ylabel ( '|H''_{s}(u,v)|' ); %% ----------Wiener filters----------- % K = 0.000014; K = 0.02 ; %H_Wiener = ((abs(H_1).^2)./((abs(H_1).^2)+K)).*(1./H_1); H_Wiener = (( abs ( H ) .^ 2 ) ./ (( abs ( H ) .^ 2 ) + K )) .* ( 1. / H ); F_Wiener = H_Wiener .* G ; f_Wiener = real ( ifft2 ( F_Wiener )); f_Wiener = f_Wiener ( 1 : 1 : M , 1 : 1 : N ); for x = 1 : 1 :( M ) for y = 1 : 1 :( N ) f_Wiener ( x , y ) = f_Wiener ( x , y ) * ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); end end [ SSIM_Wiener mssim ] = ssim_index ( f_Wiener , f_original ,[ 0.01 0.03 ], ones ( 8 ), 1 ); SSIM_Wiener %% ------show Result------------------ figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); %imshow(f_Wiener(1:128,1:128),[0 1]); imshow ( f_Wiener ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'd).Result image by Wiener filter' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( F_Wiener )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'c).Fourier spectrum of c).' ); % subplot(1,2,2); % %imshow(f(1:128,1:128),[0 1]); % imshow(f,[0 1]); % xlabel('e).Result image by inverse filter'); figure (); n = 1 : 1 : P ; plot ( n , abs ( F ( 400 ,:)), 'r-' , n , abs ( F_Wiener ( 400 ,:)), 'b-' ); axis ([ 0 P 0 500 ]); grid ; xlabel ( 'Number of rows(400th column)' ); ylabel ( 'Fourier amplitude spectrum' ); legend ( 'F(u,v)' , 'F_{Wiener}(u,v)' ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( H_Wiener )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'a).F_{Wiener}(u,v).' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); n = 1 : 1 : P ; plot ( n , abs ( H_Wiener ( 400 ,:))); axis ([ 0 P 0 80 ]); grid ; xlabel ( 'Number of rows(400th column)' ); ylabel ( 'Amplitude spectrum' ); %% ------------Constrained_least_squares_filtering--------- p_laplacian = zeros ( M , N ); Laplacian = [ 0 - 1 0 ; - 1 4 - 1 ; 0 - 1 0 ]; p_laplacian ( 1 : 3 , 1 : 3 ) = Laplacian ; P = 2 * M ; Q = 2 * N ; for x = 1 : 1 : M for y = 1 : 1 : N p_laplacian ( x , y ) = p_laplacian ( x , y ) * ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); end end P_laplacian = fft2 ( p_laplacian , P , Q ); F_C = zeros ( P , Q ); r = 0.2 ; H_clsf = (( H ' ) ./ (( abs ( H ) .^ 2 ) + r .* P_laplacian )); F_C = H_clsf .* G ; f_c = real ( ifft2 ( F_C )); f_c = f_c ( 1 : 1 : M , 1 : 1 : N ); for x = 1 : 1 :( M ) for y = 1 : 1 :( N ) f_c ( x , y ) = f_c ( x , y ) * ( - 1 )^ ( x + y ); end end %% figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( f_c ,[ 0 1 ]); xlabel ( 'e).Result image by constrained least squares filter (r = 0.2)' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( F_C )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'f).Fourier spectrum of c).' ); [ SSIM_CLSF mssim ] = ssim_index ( f_c , f_original ,[ 0.01 0.03 ], ones ( 8 ), 1 ); figure (); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ); imshow ( log ( 1 + abs ( H_clsf )),[ ]); xlabel ( 'a).F_{clsf}(u,v).' ); subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ); n = 1 : 1 : P ; plot ( n , abs ( H_clsf ( 400 ,:))); axis ([ 0 P 0 80 ]); grid ; xlabel ( 'Number of rows(400th column)' ); ylabel ( 'Amplitude spectrum' );