Python-飞机大战

本人目前从事计算机视觉领域，毕业后想从事Python开发，于是自学python知识，此博客是学习了两三周Python语法，学习了Python编程入门与实践的书后，跟着教材最后的项目所做，算是实践吧，后面将书上所附源码以资源形式上传，笔者在做这个东西的时候最大的体悟是要时刻重构函数，这个项目没写完，感觉后面都差不多，全部代码在书内写着

一、外星人（alien.py）

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Alien(Sprite):
    """表示单个外星人的类"""
    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen):
        """初始化外星人并设置起始位置"""
        super(Alien,self).__init__()
        self.screen=screen
        self.ai_settings=ai_settings
        #加载外星人图像，并设置rect属性
        self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.bmp')
        self.rect=self.image.get_rect()
        #每个外星人最初都在屏幕左上角附近
        self.rect.x=self.rect.width
        self.rect.y=self.rect.height
        #存储外星人的准确位置
        self.x=float(self.rect.x)
    def bliteme(self):
        """指定位置绘制外星人"""
        self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)
    def update(self):
        """向左或向右移动外星人"""
        self.x += (self.ai_settings.alien_speed_factor *self.ai_settings.fleet_direction)
        self.rect.x=self.x
    def check_edges(self):
        """如果外星人位于屏幕边缘，返回true"""
        screen_rect=self.screen.get_rect()
        if self.rect.right>=screen_rect.right:
            return True
        elif self.rect.left<=0:
            return True

二、alien_invasion.py(运行此py文件)

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Group
from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
from game_stats import GameStats
from button import Button
import game_functions as gf

def run_game():
    #初始化一个游戏并创建一个屏幕对象
    pygame.init()

    ai_settings=Settings()
    screen=pygame.display.set_mode((ai_settings.screen_width,ai_settings.screen_height))
    pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")
    #创建play按钮
    play_button = Button(ai_settings, screen, "Play")
    stats=GameStats(ai_settings)

    #创建一艘飞船、子弹编组和外星人编组
    ship = Ship(ai_settings,screen)
    bullets=Group()
    aliens=Group()
    #创建外星人群
    gf.create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)

    #开始游戏主循环
    while True:
        #监视键盘和鼠标事件
        gf.check_events(ai_settings,screen,stats,play_button,ship,aliens,bullets)
        if stats.game_active:
            ship.update()
            gf.update_bullets(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)

            gf.update_aliens(ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)
            #让最近绘制的屏幕可见
        gf.update_screen(ai_settings,screen,stats,ship,aliens,bullets,play_button)
run_game()

三、发射的子弹（bullet.py）

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite

class Bullet(Sprite):
    """一个对飞船发射的子弹进行管理的类"""

    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,ship):
        """在飞船所处位置创建一个子弹对象"""
        super(Bullet,self).__init__()
        self.screen=screen

        #在（0，0）处创建一个表示子弹的矩形，再设置正确的位置、
        self.rect=pygame.Rect(0,0,ai_settings.bullet_width,
                              ai_settings.bullet_height)
        self.rect.centerx=ship.rect.centerx
        self.rect.top=ship.rect.top
        #存储用小数表示的子弹位置
        self.y=float(self.rect.y)
        self.color=ai_settings.bullet_color
        self.speed_factor=ai_settings.bullet_speed_factor
    def update(self):
        """向上移动子弹"""
        #更新表示子弹位置的小数值
        self.y-=self.speed_factor
        #更新表示子弹的rect位置
        self.rect.y=self.y
    def draw_bullet(self):
        """屏幕上绘制子弹"""
        pygame.draw.rect(self.screen,self.color,self.rect)

四、开始按钮（button.py）

import pygame.font
class Button():
    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,msg):
        """初始化按钮属性"""
        self.screen=screen
        self.screen_rect=screen.get_rect()
        #设置按钮尺寸，其他属性
        self.width,self.height=200,50
        self.button_color=(0,255,0)
        self.text_color=(255,255,255)
        self.font=pygame.font.SysFont(None,48)
        #创建按钮rect对象，并居中
        self.rect=pygame.Rect(0,0,self.width,self.height)
        self.rect.center=self.screen_rect.center
        #按钮标签创建一次
        self.prep_msg(msg)
    def prep_msg(self,msg):
        """将msg渲染为图像，使其在按钮上居中"""
        self.msg_image=self.font.render(msg,True,self.text_color,self.button_color)
        self.msg_image_rect=self.msg_image.get_rect()
        self.msg_image_rect.center+self.rect.center
    def draw_button(self):
        """绘制一个用颜色填充的按钮"""
        self.screen.fill(self.button_color,self.rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.msg_image,self.msg_image_rect)

五、game_functions.py(游戏主要功能)

import sys
from time import sleep
import pygame
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alien
def check_events():
    """相应鼠标、按键事件"""
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type==pygame.QUIT:
            sys.exit()

def check_play_button(ai_settings,screen,stats,play_button,ship,aliens,bullets,mouse_x,mouse_y):
    """在玩家单击play按钮，开始新游戏"""
    button_clicked=play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_x,mouse_y)
    if button_clicked and not stats.game_active:
        #隐藏光标
        pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
        #重置统计信息
        stats.reset_stats()
        stats.game_active=True
        #清空外星人列表和子弹信息
        aliens.empty()
        bullets.empty()
        #创建一群新的外星人。飞船居中
        create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
        ship.center_ship()
def update_screen(ai_settings,screen,stats,ship,aliens,bullets,play_button):
    """更新屏幕，并切换到新屏幕"""
    #每次循环重绘屏幕
    screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color)
    for bullet in bullets:
        bullet.draw_bullet()
    ship.blitme()
    aliens.draw(screen)
    if not stats.game_active:
        play_button.draw_button()


    #让最近绘制的屏幕可见
    pygame.display.flip()

def check_keydown_events(event,ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets):
    """响应按键"""
    if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
        ship.moving_right = True
    elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
        ship.moving_left = True
    elif event.key==pygame.K_SPACE:
        #创建一颗子弹，并将其加入到编组bullets中
        fire_bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets)
    elif event.key==pygame.K_q:
        sys.exit()
def check_keyup_events(event,ship):
    """相应松开"""
    if event.key==pygame.K_RIGHT:
        ship.moving_right = False
    elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
        ship.moving_left = False

def check_events(ai_settings,screen,stats,play_button,ship,aliens,bullets):
    """响应按键和鼠标事件"""
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type==pygame.QUIT:
            sys.exit()
        elif event.type==pygame.KEYDOWN:
            check_keydown_events(event,ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets)
        elif event.type==pygame.KEYUP:
            check_keyup_events(event,ship)
        elif event.type==pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
            mouse_x,mouse_y=pygame.mouse.get_pos()
            check_play_button(ai_settings,screen,stats,play_button,ship,aliens,bullets,mouse_x,mouse_y)
def update_bullets(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
    """更新子弹位置，并删除已消失的子弹"""
    #更新子弹位置
    bullets.update()
    #删除已消失子弹
    for bullet in bullets.copy():
        if bullet.rect.bottom<=0:
            bullets.remove(bullet)
    check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
def check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
    collisions=pygame.sprite.groupcollide(bullets,aliens,True,True)
    if len(aliens)==0:
        #删除现有子弹，新建一群外星人
        bullets.empty()
        create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
def fire_bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets):
    if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
        new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
        bullets.add(new_bullet)
def create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens):
    """创建外星人群"""
    #创建一个外星人，并计算一行可容纳多少个外星人
    #外星人间距为外星人宽度
    alien=Alien(ai_settings,screen)
    number_aliens_x=get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings,alien.rect.width)
    number_rows=get_number_rows(ai_settings,ship.rect.height,alien.rect.height)
    #创建第一行外星人
    for row_number in range(number_rows):
        for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):
            #创建一个外星人并加入当前行
            create_alien(ai_settings,screen,aliens,alien_number,row_number)
def get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings,alien_width):
    """计算每行可容纳多少个外星人"""
    available_space_x=ai_settings.screen_width-2*alien_width
    number_aliens_x= int(available_space_x /(2*alien_width))
    return number_aliens_x
def create_alien(ai_settings,screen,aliens,alien_number,row_number):
    """创建一个外星人并将其放在当前行"""
    alien=Alien(ai_settings,screen)
    alien_width=alien.rect.width
    alien.x=alien_width+2*alien_width*alien_number
    alien.rect.x=alien.x
    alien.rect.y=alien.rect.height+2*alien.rect.height*row_number
    aliens.add(alien)
def get_number_rows(ai_settings,ship_height,alien_height):
    """计算可容纳多少行外星人"""
    available_space_y=(ai_settings.screen_height-3*alien_height-ship_height)
    number_rows=int(available_space_y/(2*alien_height))
    return number_rows
def update_aliens(ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
    """检查是否有外星人位于屏幕边缘，更新外星人群所有外星人位置"""
    check_fleet_edges(ai_settings,aliens)
    aliens.update()
    #检查外星人和飞船之间的碰撞
    if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(ship,aliens):
        ship_hit(ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)
    check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)
def check_fleet_edges(ai_settings,aliens):
    """有外星人到达边缘采取相应措施"""
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        if alien.check_edges():
            change_fleet_direction(ai_settings,aliens)
            break
def change_fleet_direction(ai_settings,aliens):
    """郑群外星人下移，改变他们的方向"""
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        alien.rect.y+=ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed
    ai_settings.fleet_direction *= -1
def ship_hit(ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
    """相应被外星人撞到的飞船"""
    if stats.ships_left>0:
        #ship_left减一
        stats.ships_left -=1
        #清空外星人和子子弹列表
        aliens.empty()
        bullets.empty()
        #创建一群新的外星人，飞行船放置屏幕底端中央
        create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
        ship.center_ship()
        #暂停
        sleep(0.5)
    else:
        stats.game_active=False
        pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)
def check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
    """检查是否有外星人到达屏幕底端"""
    screen_rect=screen.get_rect()
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        if alien.rect.bottom>=screen_rect.bottom:
            #像飞船被撞一样进行处理
            ship_hit(ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)
            break

六、game_stats.py(是否开始游戏)

class GameStats():
    """跟踪游戏统计信息"""
    def __init__(self,ai_settings):


        self.ai_settings=ai_settings
        self.reset_stats()
        self.game_active = False
    def reset_stats(self):
        """初始化在游戏运行期间可能变化的统计信息"""
        self.ships_left=self.ai_settings.ship_limit

七、settings（游戏设置）

class Settings():
    def __init__(self):
        """初始化游戏设置"""
        #屏幕设置#
        self.screen_width=1200
        self.screen_height=800
        self.bg_color=(230,230,230)
        self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
        self.bullet_speed_factor=1
        self.bullet_width=3
        self.bullet_height=15
        self.bullet_color=60,60,60
        self.bullets_allowed=8
        self.alien_speed_factor =2
        self.fleet_drop_speed=10
        #1表示右移，-1左移
        self.fleet_direction=1
        self.ship_limit=3#飞船数量

八、ship（飞船类）

import pygame
class Ship():
    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen):
        """初始化飞船并设置初始位置"""
        self.screen=screen
        self.ai_settings=ai_settings
        #加载飞船图像并获取外接矩形
        self.image = pygame.image.load('images/ship.bmp')
        self.rect =self.image.get_rect()
        self.screen_rect=screen.get_rect()

        #将每艘新飞船放置在屏幕底部中央
        self.rect.centerx=self.screen_rect.centerx
        self.rect.bottom=self.screen_rect.bottom

        #在飞船的属性center中存储小数值
        self.center = float(self.rect.centerx)
        #移动标志
        self.moving_right=False
        self.moving_left=False

    def update(self):
        """根据移动标志调整飞船位置"""
        if self.moving_right and self.rect.right<self.screen_rect.right:
            self.center +=self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
        if self.moving_left and self.rect.left>0:
            self.center -=self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
        #根据self.centerx更新rect对象
        self.rect.centerx=self.center

    def blitme(self):
        """在指定位置绘制飞船"""
        self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)
    def center_ship(self):
        """让飞船在屏幕上居中"""
        self.center=self.screen_rect.centerx

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