LESSON 4 SERVICES AND CONNECTIONS part V

4.1.5 Telnet and SSH
Telnet allows a local user to send a wide variety of commands to a remote computer. This
allows the local user to instruct the remote computer to perform functions and return data to
the local computer, almost as if you were sitting at a keyboard in front of the remote
computer. SSH, or secure shell is intended as a secure replacement for telnet.
Again, both Windows and Linux come with a basic, command line telnet client; to access it,
open a command prompt or terminal window and type: telnet.
To access a telnet server, you will need to have an account and password set up for you by
the administrator of the server, because the telnet program allows you to perform a large
number of actions, some of which could severely compromise the remote computer.
Telnet was used in the past to allow computer administrators to remotely control servers and
to provide user support from a distance.
Telnet can also be used for a number of other tasks, such as sending and receiving email and
viewing the source code for web pages (although telnet does fall under the heading of the
most difficult way to do these things). Telnet can be used to do many things that are illegal
and immoral, but there are also legitimate reasons for using it. You can use telnet to check
your email, and view, not just the subject line, but the first few lines of an email, which will
allow you to decide whether or not to delete the email without downloading the entire
message.

 

4.1.5 Telnet 和 SSH

远程登录允许本地用户向远程电脑发送大量的命令。所以本地用户可以命令远程电脑执行命令并返回数据，这和你

坐在远程电脑面前对远程电脑进行操作差不多。SSH，安全外壳协议功能和远程登录一样，但是更安全。

一样的，所有的Windows和Linux系统都带有一个基本命令行远程登录客户端，打开命令提示符键入：telnet。

为了登录telnet服务器，你需要该服务器管理员给你设置的账户和密码，因为telnet程序可以让你执行大量的

命令，其中一些可能严重危害到远程电脑。

Telnet原本是为了方便管理员能远程遥控服务器，或者远程进行技术支持。

Telnet也能用于执行其他的任务，比如发送接收邮件，查看网页的源代码（尽管Telnet技术做这些很困难），Telnet

可以用来做很多非法邪恶的事。但也有用它的合法原因。你能用telnet查看你的邮件，通过查看邮件的开始几行来决定

是否在没有下载完整份邮件前就删除它。

 

4.1.6 DNS
When you want to call a friend on the phone, you need to know the correct phone number;
when you want to connect to a remote computer, you also need to know its number. You

may remember from previous lessons that, for computers on the Internet, this number is called
the IP address.
As numbers, these IP addresses are very easily managed by computers, but as humans, we
prefer to use what are called domain names. For example, to connect to the Hacker
Highschool web page, we type 'www.hackerhighschool.org' into the address bar of a web
browser. However, the web browser can't use this name to connect to the server that hosts
the Hacker Highschool web page – it must use the IP address. This means that your local
computer must have some means of translating domain names into IP addresses. If there
were only hundreds, or even thousands of computers on the Internet, then it might be possible
for you to have a simple table stored on your computer to use to look up these addresses, but,
not only are there are millions of computers on the Internet, the correlations between domain
names and IP addresses can change daily.
For this reason, DNS or Domain Name Service is used to translate domain names into IP
addresses. When you type the domain name www.domainname.com into your web browser,
your web browser contacts the DNS server chosen by your ISP. If that DNS server has
www.domainname.com in its database, then it will return the IP address to your computer,
allowing you to connect.
If your DNS server doesn't have www.domainname.com in its database, then it will send a
request to another DNS server, and it will keep sending requests to other DNS servers until it
finds the correct IP address, or it establishes that the domain name is invalid.

 

4.1.6 DNS

当你想给一个朋友打电话时，你需要知道他的电话号码；当你想和远程电脑进行连接时，你也要知道远程电脑的号码。

从前面的课程中你应该记得，在互联网中电脑的号码称为该电脑的IP地址。

因为IP地址是数字形式，所以电脑能很容易的处理这些IP地址，但对人类来说，我们比较喜欢用域名。例如，要连接到

黑客高中网页，我们在网页浏览器的地址栏中键入'www.hackerhighschool.org'。但是，网页浏览器不能用这些名字

连接到存有黑客高中网页的服务器上—它必须使用IP地址。这意味着你的电脑要有一种将域名翻译成IP地址的方法。如果

网络中只有上千台电脑，那么你只需要在你的电脑上存放一张表，每次去查这张表，但是网络中不止上百万台电脑，而且

域名和IP地址之间的联系可以很容易的改变。

因为这些原因，DNS 或者 域名服务器用来将域名翻译成IP地址。当你在你的网页浏览器中键入域名www.domainname.com，

你的网页浏览器将连接到你的互联网服务提供商选择的域名服务器。如果那台域名服务器在数据库中存有www.domainname.com，

就会返回一个IP地址给你电脑进行连接。

如果你的域名服务器没有存 www.domainname.com，它会请求连接另外一台域名服务器，直到找到一个正确的IP地址，或者

确定该域名无效。

 

Exercises:
To learn more about DNS:
Open an MS-DOS window and identify the IP address of your computer. What command
have you used? What IP address do you have?
Identify the IP address of your DNS server. What command have you used? What is the IP
address of the DNS server.
Ping www.isecom.org. Do you receive an affirmative answer? What IP address answers the
ping?
Can you direct your computer to use a different DNS server? If so, change the configuration
of your computer so that it uses a different DNS server. Ping www.isecom.org again. Do you
receive the same response? Why?

 

练习：

学习更多关于DNS的内容：

打开MS-DOS窗口，查出你电脑的IP地址。你会使用什么指令?你电脑的IP地址是什么？

确定你的DNS服务器IP地址。你要使用什么命令？DNS服务器的IP地址是什么？

Pingwww.isecom.org。得到一个肯定答案没？有哪些IP地址回应Ping？

你会为你的电脑选择一个不同的DNS服务器吗？如果能，改变你电脑的配置来连接到另外一台DNS服务器上。

再次Pingwww.isecom.org。你能得到同样的回应吗？为什么？