LESSON 4 SERVICES AND CONNECTIONS part II

4.1.1 HTTP and The Web
When you say, 'the Internet,' what comes to mind for most people is, in fact, the World Wide
Web. The World Wide Web, or just the Web, is not the Internet. Instead, it is a method of using
the Internet to exchange information between computers. The Web uses http or hypertext
transfer protocol and services known as web browsers and web servers to allow information in
the form of web pages to be exchanged between local and remote computers.
On the local side, what you see is the web browser. Information from the remote computer is
sent to your local computer using the http protocol. The web browser interprets that
information and displays it on your local computer in the form of web pages.

 

4.1.1 HTTP 和 网站

当你对别人说因特网时，大多数人所想到的都是万维网。万维网不是因特网。相反，万维网是电脑在因特网

中交换信息的一种方式。网站利用超文本传输协议和网站浏览器允许本地电脑和远程电脑之间通过网页信息

交换信息。

狭义的来说，你看到的就是网站浏览器。远程电脑上的信息通过超文本传输协议传到你的电脑上来。网页浏览器

翻译了信息，并将其以网页的形式在你的电脑上显示出来。

 

The hypertext part of the http protocol refers to a non-linear method of presenting
information. Text is normally read in a linear fashion: word 2 follows word 1; sentence 3 follows
sentence 2; paragraph 5 follows paragraph 4. The idea of hypertext allows information to be
viewed in a non-linear way. This is the major difference between hypertext and the older,
plain text methods of displaying information.
With hypertext, words and ideas can connect, not only with the words that directly surround
them, but also with other words, ideas or images. Hypertext is not restricted to the Web. Most
full-featured word processors will allow you to create locally stored pages in web or http
format. These pages are read using your web browser and act as would any other web page,
only they are stored on your local computer, not a remote computer.

 

超文本传输协议的超文本部分引用了表示信息的非线性方法。文本通常以线性方式浏览：第二个词接在第一个词

后面；第3句话接在第2句话后面；第5个自然段接在第4个自然段后面。超文本允许信息以非线性的方式显示。

这就是超文本和文本显示信息的区别。

超文本中的词句和观点相连，不仅仅是这个词周围的词，和其他的词，观点和图像也有联系。超文本不受网页限制。

大多数的全功能文字处理机能够制作本地存储网页或者超文本传输协 议格式的网页。和其他网页一样，这些网页

可以通过网站浏览器浏览，只不过这些网页存储在你的电脑上而不是一个远程电脑上。

On your local computer, you use a client program called a web browser. Contrary to what
you might have been lead to believe, there are actually a number of web browsers available
for both Windows and Linux. These include Microsoft's Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator,
and the Mozilla Firefox browsers.
You can also create your own web page. The easiest way to do this is to use one of the
common word processors, such as OpenOffice, Microsoft Word, or WordPerfect. These
programs will allow you to produce simple web pages, combining text, hypertext and images.

Plenty of people have made useful, clever and innovative web pages using these simple
tools.

 

在你的电脑上，你通过一个客户端程序浏览器。和你所认为的（一个浏览器）相反，这里有很多对Windows和

Linux系统都适用的网页浏览器。包括微软的因特网浏览器，网景领航员和火狐浏览器。

你也可以编写你自己的网页。最简单的方法是用一个通用文字处理器，比如OpenOffice，Microsoft Word

或者WordPerfect。这些程序可以编写一个简单的网页，编译文本，超文本和图像。有很多人通过这些简单的工具

制作有用的，聪明和创新的网页。

 

But these pages aren't flashy. Flashy means frames and scripts and animations. It also means
spending lots of money on a fancy web page design program. These programs allow you to
create many interesting effects on your web page, but they are more complex to use than
the word processors that you are probably already familiar with.
Once you have the pages designed, you'll need a computer to put them on, so that other
people can view them. This is called web hosting.
The hosting computer will be running a web server. It is possible to run one of these servers
from your own home, using your own computer, but there are several drawbacks, the primary
one of these being persistence. Information stored on a web server is only available when
that server is powered up, operating properly and has an open connection. So, if you want to
run a web server from your own bedroom, you have to leave your computer on all the time;
you have to make sure that the web server program is operating properly all the time (this
includes troubleshooting hardware problems, controlling viruses, worms and other attacks,
and dealing with the inevitable bugs and flaws within the program itself), and you have to
keep a connection to the Internet open. This is why most people pay someone else to do all
this.

 

但这些网页不是动态的。动态的意思是有帧，脚本和动画。也意味着要花很多的钱在一个充满想象的网页设计项目上。

这些项目可以在网页上制作出很多有意思的效果。但是它要比你已经熟悉的文字处理器要复杂的多。

一旦你制作出网页，你需要一个电脑来放置它，这样其他的人才能看到他们。这就叫网页寄存。

寄存的电脑要运行网络服务器。你可以在你家里的电脑上运行一个这样的服务器。但是这样做有几个缺点，其中

主要的一个比较具有永久性，即存放在网络服务器上的信息只有在网络服务器运行的时候，并且状态良好且

打开连接后才可用，所以如果你想在你的卧室里运行一个网络服务器，你必须让你的电脑始终开着；你也要保证

你电脑上的网络服务器始终运行良好（包括检修硬件故障，监控病毒，蠕虫和其它的袭击，处理程序本身不可避免的漏洞等），

你必须保证网络顺畅。这就是为什么大多数人花钱让其他人来做这些。

A web hosting company will store your web page on their computer. A perfect web hosting
company will have multiple, redundant servers and a regular backup policy, so that your
service is not lost because of hardware problems, a support staff to keep the server running
despite hacker attacks and program bugs, and a number of open connections to the
Internet, so that all your have to do is design your web page, upload it to the hosting
company's server, hang up the phone, turn off the computer, and go to sleep, and your web
page will be available to the entire world.
It's also possible to find organizations that offer free web hosting. Some of these organizations
are funded by paid advertising, which means that anyone who wants to view your web page
will first have to view someone else's advertisement. But they don't have to buy anything, and
you don't have to pay anything.

 

一个网页寄存公司将你的网页寄存在他们的电脑上。一个完美的网页寄存公司将拥有很多的服务器和一个规律的

备份策略，这样你的网页就不会因为硬件问题而丢失。有技术支持人员保证服务器不受黑客和程序漏洞攻击，维持网络

的顺畅，所以你要做的就只是设计网页，上传网页给寄存公司的服务器，挂断电话，关机，睡觉。你的网页会对整个世界

都有效。

也能找到提供免费网页寄存的机构。这些机构中的一些通过广告费支持。这就意味着想浏览你网页的人必须先浏览其他人的

广告。但是不需要买任何东西。你也不需要付出任何东西。