6、基本图形-R

1、条形图

	options(repos=structure(c(CRAN="https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/CRAN/")))
	
	
	#6.1条形图
	#(1)对向量数据绘图
	library(vcd)
	dt<-Arthritis
	count<-table(dt$Improved)#对表中的数据进行计数
	count
	class(count)
	barplot(count,main='Simple bar chart',xlab = "improvemenr",ylab="frequency")#条形图图
	#横着画
	barplot(count,main='Simple bar chart',xlab = "improvemenr",ylab="frequency",horiz = TRUE)
	#(2)对矩阵数据绘图
	count1<-table(dt$Improved,dt$Treatment)
	count1 
	#堆砌状
	barplot(count1,col=c("red","green","yellow"))
	#分组
	barplot(count1,col=c("red","green","yellow"),beside=TRUE)
	#(3)对table进行绘图:均值条形图（对统计结果进行画图）
	states<-data.frame(state.region,state.x77)
	#分区域统计文盲率
	means<-aggregate(sates$Illiteracy,by=list(state.region),FUN=mean)
	#排序
	means<-means[order(means$x),]
	class(means)
	barplot(means$x,names.arg = means$Group.1)
	
	#棘状图
	counts<-table(dt$Treatment,dt$Improved)
	counts
	spine(counts,main="spinogram example")

2、饼图

	#6.2饼图   语法:pie(x,label)
	x<-c(1,2,3)
	lbls<-c("us","jp","ch")
	pie(x,labels = lbls,main='simple pie chart',radius = 0.5)
	
	#显示份额
	pct<-round(x/sum(x)*100)
	pct
	lbls2<-paste(lbls," ",pct,"%",sep = "")
	pie(x,labels = lbls2,main='simple pie chart',radius = 1.3)
	
	#扇形图
	x<-c(1,2,3)
	lbls<-c("us","jp","ch")
	install.packages("plotrix")
	library(plotrix)
	fan.plot(x,labels=lbls)

3、直方图

	#6.3直方图
	dt<-mtcars
	
	hist(dt$mpg)
	
	hist(dt$mpg,breaks = 12,col="red")#分成12组，颜色是红色
	
	hist(dt$mpg,breaks = 12,freq=FALSE)#使得纵轴为百分比
	rug(jitter(dt$mpg))#轴须图
	lines(density(dt$mpg),col="blue",lwd=2)#加上概率分布的密度图
	box()#加上框

4、核密度图

	#6.4核密度图
	#6.4.1用来估计随机变量的图形形态
	d<-density(dt$mpg)
	plot(d,main='title')
	polygon(d,col="red",border = "blue")
	rug(dt$mpg,col="brown")
	
	#6.4.2可比较的核密度图
	#比较概率密度是否有明显的差别
	install.packages("sm")
	library(sm)
	attach(mtcars)
	#创建分组变量
	cyl.f<-factor(cyl,levels = c(4,6,8),labels = c("4 l","6 l","8 l"))
	cyl.f
	View(cyl.f)
	sm.density.compare(mpg,cyl)#cyl不同时mpg的核密度图
	title(main = "mpg distribution by car cylinder")
	
	colfill<-c(2:(1+length(levels(cyl.f))))#需要多少颜色
	legend(locator(1),levels(cyl.f),fill=colfill)
	
	
	detach(mtcars)

5、箱线图

	#6.5箱线图
	#6.5.1箱线图
	boxplot(mtcars$mpg,main="box  plot",ylab="miles per  gallon")
	
	dt<-mtcars
	
	#绘制分组的箱线图
	boxplot(mpg~cyl,data=mtcars,varwidth=TRUE,notch=TRUE)#notch便于比较中位线,VARWIDTH根据样本数量来调整宽度
	
	
	#绘制二维的箱线图
	mtcars$cyl.f<-factor(mtcars$cyl,levels=c(4,6,8),labels = c("4","6","8"))
	mtcars$am.f<-factor(mtcars$am,levels = c(0,1),labels=c("auto","standard"))
	boxplot(mpg~am.f*cyl.f,data=mtcars,varwidth=TRUE,col=c("pink","blue"))
	
	#6.5.2小提琴图:箱线图和核密度图的叠加
	install.packages("vioplot")
	library(vioplot)
	x1<-mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl==4]
	x2<-mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl==6]
	x3<-mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl==8]
	class(x1)
	vioplot(x1,x2,x3,names=c("4","6","8"),col="gold")

6、点图

	options(repos=structure(c(CRAN="https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/CRAN/")))
	
	#6.6点图
	
	#6.6.1原始图
	dotchart(mtcars$mpg,labels = row.names(mtcars),cex = .7,
	         main="gas mileage for car  models",
	         xlab = "miles per gallon")
	
	
	#6.6.2排序后的点图
	x<-mtcars[order(mtcars$mpg),]
	x$cyl<-factor(x$cyl)#转换为因子型，便于分组
	x$color[x$cyl==4]<-"red"
	x$color[x$cyl==6]<-"blue"
	x$color[x$cyl==8]<-"darkgreen"
	dotchart(x$mpg,labels = row.names(x),cex=.7,groups = x$cyl,gcolor="black",color = x$color,pch=19)