Android的Gradle技巧 1.3从命令行执行Gradle构建

1.3从命令行执行Gradle构建
问题
您希望从命令行运行Gradle任务。
解
从命令行，使用提供的Gradle包装器或安装Gradle并直接运行它。
讨论
你不需要安装Gradle来构建Android项目。 Android Studio附带了Gradle发行版（以插件的形式），并包含支持它的专用功能。
术语“Gradle包装器”是指在Android应用程序的根目录中的Unix和gradlew.bat脚本的gradlew脚本，其中结尾“w”代表“包装器”。
Gradle包装器的目的是允许客户端运行Gradle，而不必首先安装它。包装器在应用程序根目录中的gradle / wrapper文件夹中使用gradle-wrapper.jar和gradle-wrapper.properties文件来启动进程。属性文件的示例如示例1-5所示。
实例1-5。 gradle-wrapper.properties中的键和值

#Mon Dec 28 10:00:20 PST 2015
distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
distributionPath=wrapper/dists
zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
zipStorePath=wrapper/dists
distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-2.10-all.zip

distributionUrl属性指示包装器将下载并安装Gradle的2.10版本。 1第一次运行后，Gradle分布将缓存在zipStoreBase目录下的zipStorePath文件夹中，然后可用于Gradle任务的所有后续执行。
只需在Unix上执行./gradlew命令或在Windows上执行gradlew.bat命令即可在命令行中使用包装器（示例1-6）。
实例1-6。从运行构建任务的输出

> ./gradlew build
Downloading
https://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-2.10-all.zip
...................................................
.... (download of Gradle 2.10) ....
...................................................
Unzipping /Users/kousen/.gradle/wrapper/dists/3i2gob.../gradle-2.10-all.zip
to /Users/kousen/.gradle/wrapper/dists/gradle-2.10-all/3i2gob...
Set executable permissions for:
/Users/kousen/.gradle/wrapper/dists/gradle-2.10-all/3i2gob.../gradle-2.10/bin/gradle
Starting a new Gradle Daemon for this build (subsequent builds will be faster).
:app:preBuild UP-TO-DATE
:app:preDebugBuild UP-TO-DATE
... lots of tasks ...
:app:compileLint
:app:lint
Wrote HTML report to file:.../MyAndroidApp/app/build/outputs/lint-results.html
Wrote XML report to .../MyAndroidApp/app/build/outputs/lint-results.xml
:app:preDebugUnitTestBuild UP-TO-DATE
:app:prepareDebugUnitTestDependencies
... lots of tasks ...
:app:test
:app:check
:app:build
BUILD SUCCESSFUL

在本书中，示例显示了基于Unix的操作系统的./gradlew命令。对于Windows，只需替换gradlew或gradlew.bat没有点斜线。
初始下载可能需要几分钟，具体取决于您的互联网连接速度。然而，它只需要做一次。之后，后续构建将使用缓存版本。
您可以在命令行中运行任何受支持的Gradle任务，包括您自己的自定义任务。编译代码将在app / build文件夹中找到。生成的apk（Android包）文件可以在app / build / outputs / apk目录中找到。
Gradle中的tasks命令显示了构建中可用的任务，如示例1-7所示。
实例1-7。任务输出

:tasks
------------------------------------------------------------
All tasks runnable from root project
------------------------------------------------------------
Android tasks
-------------
androidDependencies - Displays the Android dependencies of the project.
signingReport - Displays the signing info for each variant.
sourceSets - Prints out all the source sets defined in this project.
Build tasks
-----------
assemble - Assembles all variants of all applications and secondary packages.
assembleAndroidTest - Assembles all the Test applications.
assembleDebug - Assembles all Debug builds.
assembleRelease - Assembles all Release builds.
build - Assembles and tests this project.
buildDependents - Assembles and tests this project and all projects that depend on it.
buildNeeded - Assembles and tests this project and all projects it depends on.
compileDebugAndroidTestSources
compileDebugSources
compileDebugUnitTestSources
compileReleaseSources
compileReleaseUnitTestSources
mockableAndroidJar - Creates a version of android.jar that's suitable for unit tests.
Build Setup tasks
-----------------
init - Initializes a new Gradle build. [incubating]
wrapper - Generates Gradle wrapper files. [incubating]
Help tasks
----------
components - Displays the components produced by root project 'MyAndroidApp'.
dependencies - Displays all dependencies declared in root project 'MyAndroidApp'.
dependencyInsight - Displays the insight into a specific dependency in root
project 'MyAndroidApp'.
help - Displays a help message.
model - Displays the configuration model of root project 'MyAndroidApp'. [incubating]
projects - Displays the subprojects of root project 'MyAndroidApp'.
properties - Displays the properties of root project 'MyAndroidApp'.
tasks - Displays the tasks runnable from root project 'MyAndroidApp'
(some of the displayed tasks may belong to subprojects).
Install tasks
-------------
installDebug - Installs the Debug build.
installDebugAndroidTest - Installs the android (on device) tests for the Debug build.
uninstallAll - Uninstall all applications.
uninstallDebug - Uninstalls the Debug build.
uninstallDebugAndroidTest - Uninstalls the android (on device) tests for the build.
uninstallRelease - Uninstalls the Release build.
Verification tasks
------------------
check - Runs all checks.
clean - Deletes the build directory.
connectedAndroidTest - Installs and runs instrumentation tests for all flavors
on connected devices.
connectedCheck - Runs all device checks on currently connected devices.
connectedDebugAndroidTest - Installs and runs the tests for debug connected devices.
deviceAndroidTest - Installs and runs instrumentation tests using all Providers.
deviceCheck - Runs all device checks using Device Providers and Test Servers.
lint - Runs lint on all variants.
lintDebug - Runs lint on the Debug build.
lintRelease - Runs lint on the Release build.
test - Run unit tests for all variants.
testDebugUnitTest - Run unit tests for the debug build.
testReleaseUnitTest - Run unit tests for the release build.
Other tasks
-----------
clean
jarDebugClasses
jarReleaseClasses
lintVitalRelease - Runs lint on just the fatal issues in the Release build.
To see all tasks and more detail, run gradlew tasks --all
To see more detail about a task, run gradlew help --task <task>
BUILD SUCCESSFUL

虽然这看起来像很多任务，但实际上你使用的是一个小数字。
当您向项目中添加多个构建类型和风格时，数量将显着增加。
其他功能和命令行标志
您可以通过使用空格分隔多个任务来运行多个任务，如示例1-8所示。
实施例1-8。执行多个任务
> ./gradlew lint assembleDebug
请注意，重复相同的任务名称只会执行一次。
可以使用-x标志来排除任务，如示例1-9所示。
实施例1-9。排除lintDebug任务
> ./gradlew assembleDebug -x lintDebug
tasks命令上的--all标志显示项目中的所有任务以及每个任务的依赖关系。

gradle任务的输出 - 可以很长。

您可以通过提供足够的字母来唯一确定它来从命令行缩写任务名称（示例1-10）。
实例1-10。 每个配置的依赖关系树

> ./gradlew anDep
:app:androidDependencies
debug
\--- com.android.support:appcompat-v7:23.3.0
+--- com.android.support:support-vector-drawable:23.3.0
| \--- com.android.support:support-v4:23.3.0
| \--- LOCAL: internal_impl-23.3.0.jar
+--- com.android.support:animated-vector-drawable:23.3.0
| \--- com.android.support:support-vector-drawable:23.3.0
| \--- com.android.support:support-v4:23.3.0
| \--- LOCAL: internal_impl-23.3.0.jar
\--- com.android.support:support-v4:23.3.0
\--- LOCAL: internal_impl-23.3.0.jar
debugAndroidTest
No dependencies
debugUnitTest
No dependencies
release
\--- com.android.support:appcompat-v7:23.3.0
+--- com.android.support:support-vector-drawable:23.3.0
| \--- com.android.support:support-v4:23.3.0
| \--- LOCAL: internal_impl-23.3.0.jar
+--- com.android.support:animated-vector-drawable:23.3.0
| \--- com.android.support:support-vector-drawable:23.3.0
| \--- com.android.support:support-v4:23.3.0
| \--- LOCAL: internal_impl-23.3.0.jar
\--- com.android.support:support-v4:23.3.0
\--- LOCAL: internal_impl-23.3.0.jar
releaseUnitTest
No dependencies
BUILD SUCCESSFUL

骆驼案例符号（anDep for androidDependencies）工作得很好，只要分辨率是唯一的（示例1-11）。
实施例1-11。 没有足够的字母是独一无二的


错误消息显示出错是什么：pro是不明确的，因为它匹配项目和属性。 只需添加另一个字母，使其唯一。
最后，如果您的构建文件未被调用build.gradle，请使用-b标志来指定构建文件名（示例1-12）。
实施例1-12。 使用非默认构建文件名
> ./gradlew -b app.gradle