一、几个重要USB Core驱动结构体：
1. 驱动：
const char *name;
int ( *probe) (struct usb_interface *intf, const struct usb_device_id *id); // 一般用于USB设备挂接时候的初始化工作，被USB Core驱动调用（usb_register时或设备插上时调用），和Gadget中的bind相对
void (* disconnect) (struct usb_interface *intf); // probe的反函数
int (*ioctl) (struct usb_interface *intf, unsigned int code,
void *buf);
int (*suspend) (struct usb_interface *intf, pm_message_t message); //
int (*resume) (struct usb_interface *intf);
int (*reset_resume)(struct usb_interface *intf);
int (*pre_reset)(struct usb_interface *intf);
int (*post_reset)(struct usb_interface *intf);
const struct usb_device_id * id_table; // 用于识别USB设备的列表
struct usb_dynids dynids;
struct usbdrv_wrap drvwrap;
unsigned int no_dynamic_id:1;
unsigned int supports_autosuspend:1;
unsigned int soft_unbind:1;
};
2. 设备：
struct usb_device {
int devnum;
char devpath [16];
enum usb_device_state state;
enum usb_device_speed speed;
struct usb_tt *tt;
int ttport;
unsigned int toggle[2];
struct usb_device *parent;
struct usb_bus *bus;
struct usb_host_endpoint ep0;
struct device dev;
struct usb_device_descriptor descriptor;
struct usb_host_config *config;
struct usb_host_config *actconfig;
struct usb_host_endpoint *ep_in[16];
struct usb_host_endpoint *ep_out[16];
char **rawdescriptors;
unsigned short bus_mA;
u8 portnum;
u8 level;
unsigned can_submit:1;
unsigned discon_suspended:1;
unsigned persist_enabled:1;
unsigned have_langid:1;
unsigned authorized:1;
unsigned authenticated:1;
unsigned wusb:1;
int string_langid;
/* static strings from the device */
char *product;
char *manufacturer;
char *serial;
struct list_head filelist;
#ifdef CONFIG_USB_DEVICE_CLASS
struct device *usb_classdev;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_USB_DEVICEFS
struct dentry *usbfs_dentry;
#endif
int maxchild;
struct usb_device *children[USB_MAXCHILDREN];
int pm_usage_cnt;
u32 quirks;
atomic_t urbnum;
unsigned long active_duration;
#ifdef CONFIG_PM
struct delayed_work autosuspend;
struct mutex pm_mutex;
unsigned long last_busy;
int autosuspend_delay;
unsigned long connect_time;
unsigned auto_pm:1;
unsigned do_remote_wakeup:1;
unsigned reset_resume:1;
unsigned autosuspend_disabled:1;
unsigned autoresume_disabled:1;
unsigned skip_sys_resume:1;
#endif
struct wusb_dev *wusb_dev;
};
3. 接口
struct usb_interface {
/* array of alternate settings for this interface,
* stored in no particular order */
struct usb_host_interface *altsetting;
struct usb_host_interface *cur_altsetting; /* the currently * active alternate setting */
unsigned num_altsetting; /* number of alternate settings */
/* If there is an interface association descriptor then it will list
* the associated interfaces */
struct usb_interface_assoc_descriptor *intf_assoc;
int minor; /* minor number this interface is 在usb_minors数组中用来标识索引值，usb_register_dev函数中会分配一个新号，并挂接相关的read、write、open等操作指针。
* bound to */
enum usb_interface_condition condition; /* state of binding */
unsigned is_active:1; /* the interface is not suspended */
unsigned sysfs_files_created:1; /* the sysfs attributes exist */
unsigned unregistering:1; /* unregistration is in progress */
unsigned needs_remote_wakeup:1; /* driver requires remote wakeup */
unsigned needs_altsetting0:1; /* switch to altsetting 0 is pending */
unsigned needs_binding:1; /* needs delayed unbind/rebind */
struct device dev; /* interface specific device info */
struct device *usb_dev;
int pm_usage_cnt; /* usage counter for autosuspend */
};
3. usb类设备（用于在Sysfs的tree中产生一个usb类设备）
char *name;
const struct file_operations *fops; //对USB文件操作的函数集合，相当于把USB挂接在文件系统上面
int minor_base;
};
static const struct file_operations skel_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.read = skel_read,
.write = skel_write,
.open = skel_open,
.release = skel_release,
.flush = skel_flush,
};
4. Urb请求块(用于发送给USB Core驱动，进行USB读写的，想类似于windows 中的irq).
struct urb {
/* private: usb core and host controller only fields in the urb */
struct kref kref; /* reference count of the URB */
void *hcpriv; /* private data for host controller */
atomic_t use_count; /* concurrent submissions counter */
u8 reject; /* submissions will fail */
int unlinked; /* unlink error code */
/* public: documented fields in the urb that can be used by drivers */
struct list_head urb_list; /* list head for use by the urb's
* current owner */
struct list_head anchor_list; /* the URB may be anchored */
struct usb_anchor *anchor;
struct usb_device *dev; /* (in) pointer to associated device */
struct usb_host_endpoint *ep; /* (internal) pointer to endpoint */
unsigned int pipe; /* (in) pipe information */
int status; /* (return) non-ISO status */ //I/O是否完成成功标识，有底层驱动设置
unsigned int transfer_flags; /* (in) URB_SHORT_NOT_OK | ...*/
void *transfer_buffer; /* (in) associated data buffer */
dma_addr_t transfer_dma; /* (in) dma addr for transfer_buffer */
int transfer_buffer_length; /* (in) data buffer length */
int actual_length; /* (return) actual transfer length */
unsigned char *setup_packet; /* (in) setup packet (control only) */
dma_addr_t setup_dma; /* (in) dma addr for setup_packet */
int start_frame; /* (modify) start frame (ISO) */
int number_of_packets; /* (in) number of ISO packets */
int interval; /* (modify) transfer interval
* (INT/ISO) */
int error_count; /* (return) number of ISO errors */
void *context; /* (in) context for completion */
usb_complete_t complete; /* (in) completion routine */ //请求块完成之后的回调函数
struct usb_iso_packet_descriptor iso_frame_desc[0];
/* (in) ISO ONLY */
};
二、 USB Core提供的常用函数：
1. static inline int usb_register(struct usb_driver *driver) 注册usb_driver类
2. static inline int usb_deregister(struct usb_driver *driver) 注销
3. int usb_register_dev(struct usb_interface *intf, struct usb_class_driver *class_driver) 在系统文件系统Tree中产生一个usb类的设备，在usb/core/file.c中实现，使得USB core提供了文件操作功能，这个函数调用了device_create（）函数，完成设备的产生。这里有个全局变量file_operations usb_minors[MAX_USB_MINORS ] 在file.c中声明。
4. usb_deregister_dev
5. struct urb *usb_alloc_urb(int iso_packets, gfp_t mem_flags) 分配Urb空间, 与void usb_free_urb(struct urb *urb)相对
6. 初始化Urb ,对应三种传输类型，中断传输、块传输、控制传输，另外一种同步传输需要另外的方式。
static inline void usb_fill_bulk_urb(struct urb *urb,
struct usb_device *dev,
unsigned int pipe,
void *transfer_buffer,
int buffer_length,
usb_complete_t complete_fn,
void *context)
static inline void usb_fill_int_urb(struct urb *urb,
struct usb_device *dev,
unsigned int pipe,
void *transfer_buffer,
int buffer_length,
usb_complete_t complete_fn,
void *context,
int interval)
static inline void usb_fill_control_urb(struct urb *urb,
struct usb_device *dev,
unsigned int pipe,
unsigned char *setup_packet,
void *transfer_buffer,
int buffer_length,
usb_complete_t complete_fn,
void *context)
7. 向core 提交 Urb,进行异步数据传输（立刻返回）：
int usb_submit_urb(struct urb *urb, gfp_t mem_flags)
8. 同步传输数据（阻塞），不需构造urb，函数类自动构造，即调用了上面7的函数：
int usb_bulk_msg(struct usb_device *usb_dev, unsigned int pipe,
void *data, int len, int *actual_length, int timeout)
int usb_control_msg(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int pipe, __u8 request,
__u8 requesttype, __u16 value, __u16 index, void *data,
__u16 size, int timeout) //可用于协议控制命令集， requesttype = USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR、GET_PROTOCOL等，与 USB设备端setup函数定义相同
int usb_interrupt_msg(struct usb_device *usb_dev, unsigned int pipe,
void *data, int len, int *actual_length, int timeout)
9. USB设备的配置与管理接口：
设备插入： usb_connect() usb_new_device ()
设备拔下： usb_disconnect();
设备复位： usb_reset_device(); //USB内核提供了改善了设备的复位操作，准确的说应该是在core中的Hub.c中实现的
10. 另外涉及到USB控制器的管理：
每个主机控制器组成了一个完整的USB系统（一个USB系统通常由一个主控制器和多个USB设备组成），成为一个bus，USB内核可以同时支持多个USB主控制器的工作，及支持多个USB Bus，他维护了有bus组成的双向链表，当一个新的主机控制器加进来时，就给它分配了一个bus结构体，并提供接口函数，使得主控制器能够动态的从USB系统上安装和卸载。
三、Kernel源码中的 driver/usb/usb-skeleton.c
该实例是USB主机端的框架程序
/*
* USB Skeleton driver - 2.2
*
* Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Greg Kroah-Hartman (greg@kroah.com)
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
* published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.
*
* This driver is based on the 2.6.3 version of drivers/usb/usb-skeleton.c
* but has been rewritten to be easier to read and use.
*
*/
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kref.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/usb.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
/* Define these values to match your devices */
#define USB_SKEL_VENDOR_ID 0xfff0
#define USB_SKEL_PRODUCT_ID 0xfff0
/* table of devices that work with this driver */
static struct usb_device_id skel_table [] = {
{ USB_DEVICE(USB_SKEL_VENDOR_ID, USB_SKEL_PRODUCT_ID) },
{ } /* Terminating entry */
};
MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(usb, skel_table);
/* Get a minor range for your devices from the usb maintainer */
#define USB_SKEL_MINOR_BASE 192
/* our private defines. if this grows any larger, use your own .h file */
#define MAX_TRANSFER (PAGE_SIZE - 512)
/* MAX_TRANSFER is chosen so that the VM is not stressed by
allocations > PAGE_SIZE and the number of packets in a page
is an integer 512 is the largest possible packet on EHCI */
#define WRITES_IN_FLIGHT 8
/* arbitrarily chosen */
/* Structure to hold all of our device specific stuff */
struct usb_skel {
struct usb_device *udev; /* the usb device for this device */
struct usb_interface *interface; /* the interface for this device */
struct semaphore limit_sem; /* limiting the number of writes in progress */
struct usb_anchor submitted; /* in case we need to retract our submissions */
unsigned char *bulk_in_buffer; /* the buffer to receive data */
size_t bulk_in_size; /* the size of the receive buffer */
__u8 bulk_in_endpointAddr; /* the address of the bulk in endpoint */
__u8 bulk_out_endpointAddr; /* the address of the bulk out endpoint */
int errors; /* the last request tanked */
int open_count; /* count the number of openers */
spinlock_t err_lock; /* lock for errors */
struct kref kref;
struct mutex io_mutex; /* synchronize I/O with disconnect */
};
#define to_skel_dev(d) container_of(d, struct usb_skel, kref)
static struct usb_driver skel_driver;
static void skel_draw_down(struct usb_skel *dev);
static void skel_delete(struct kref *kref)
{
struct usb_skel *dev = to_skel_dev(kref);
usb_put_dev(dev->udev);
kfree(dev->bulk_in_buffer);
kfree(dev);
}
static int skel_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
struct usb_skel *dev;
struct usb_interface *interface;
int subminor;
int retval = 0;
subminor = iminor(inode);
interface = usb_find_interface(&skel_driver, subminor);
if (!interface) {
err ("%s - error, can't find device for minor %d",
__func__, subminor);
retval = -ENODEV;
goto exit;
}
dev = usb_get_intfdata(interface);
if (!dev) {
retval = -ENODEV;
goto exit;
}
/* increment our usage count for the device */
kref_get(&dev->kref);
/* lock the device to allow correctly handling errors
* in resumption */
mutex_lock(&dev->io_mutex);
if (!dev->open_count++) {
retval = usb_autopm_get_interface(interface);
if (retval) {
dev->open_count--;
mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
kref_put(&dev->kref, skel_delete);
goto exit;
}
} /* else { //uncomment this block if you want exclusive open
retval = -EBUSY;
dev->open_count--;
mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
kref_put(&dev->kref, skel_delete);
goto exit;
} */
/* prevent the device from being autosuspended */
/* save our object in the file's private structure */
file->private_data = dev;
mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
exit:
return retval;
}
static int skel_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
struct usb_skel *dev;
dev = (struct usb_skel *)file->private_data;
if (dev == NULL)
return -ENODEV;
/* allow the device to be autosuspended */
mutex_lock(&dev->io_mutex);
if (!--dev->open_count && dev->interface)
usb_autopm_put_interface(dev->interface);
mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
/* decrement the count on our device */
kref_put(&dev->kref, skel_delete);
return 0;
}
static int skel_flush(struct file *file, fl_owner_t id)
{
struct usb_skel *dev;
int res;
dev = (struct usb_skel *)file->private_data;
if (dev == NULL)
return -ENODEV;
/* wait for io to stop */
mutex_lock(&dev->io_mutex);
skel_draw_down(dev);
/* read out errors, leave subsequent opens a clean slate */
spin_lock_irq(&dev->err_lock);
res = dev->errors ? (dev->errors == -EPIPE ? -EPIPE : -EIO) : 0;
dev->errors = 0;
spin_unlock_irq(&dev->err_lock);
mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
return res;
}
static ssize_t skel_read(struct file *file, char *buffer, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
{
struct usb_skel *dev;
int retval;
int bytes_read;
dev = (struct usb_skel *)file->private_data;
mutex_lock(&dev->io_mutex);
if (!dev->interface) { /* disconnect() was called */
retval = -ENODEV;
goto exit;
}
/* do a blocking bulk read to get data from the device */
retval = usb_bulk_msg(dev->udev,
usb_rcvbulkpipe(dev->udev, dev->bulk_in_endpointAddr),
dev->bulk_in_buffer,
min(dev->bulk_in_size, count),
&bytes_read, 10000);
/* if the read was successful, copy the data to userspace */
if (!retval) {
if (copy_to_user(buffer, dev->bulk_in_buffer, bytes_read))
retval = -EFAULT;
else
retval = bytes_read;
}
exit:
mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
return retval;
}
static void skel_write_bulk_callback(struct urb *urb)
{
struct usb_skel *dev;
dev = urb->context;
/* sync/async unlink faults aren't errors */
if (urb->status) {
if(!(urb->status == -ENOENT ||
urb->status == -ECONNRESET ||
urb->status == -ESHUTDOWN))
err("%s - nonzero write bulk status received: %d",
__func__, urb->status);
spin_lock(&dev->err_lock);
dev->errors = urb->status;
spin_unlock(&dev->err_lock);
}
/* free up our allocated buffer */
usb_buffer_free(urb->dev, urb->transfer_buffer_length,
urb->transfer_buffer, urb->transfer_dma);
up(&dev->limit_sem);
}
static ssize_t skel_write(struct file *file, const char *user_buffer, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
{
struct usb_skel *dev;
int retval = 0;
struct urb *urb = NULL;
char *buf = NULL;
size_t writesize = min(count, (size_t)MAX_TRANSFER);
dev = (struct usb_skel *)file->private_data;
/* verify that we actually have some data to write */
if (count == 0)
goto exit;
/* limit the number of URBs in flight to stop a user from using up all RAM */
if (down_interruptible(&dev->limit_sem)) {
retval = -ERESTARTSYS;
goto exit;
}
spin_lock_irq(&dev->err_lock);
if ((retval = dev->errors) < 0) {
/* any error is reported once */
dev->errors = 0;
/* to preserve notifications about reset */
retval = (retval == -EPIPE) ? retval : -EIO;
}
spin_unlock_irq(&dev->err_lock);
if (retval < 0)
goto error;
/* create a urb, and a buffer for it, and copy the data to the urb */
urb = usb_alloc_urb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!urb) {
retval = -ENOMEM;
goto error;
}
buf = usb_buffer_alloc(dev->udev, writesize, GFP_KERNEL, &urb->transfer_dma);
if (!buf) {
retval = -ENOMEM;
goto error;
}
if (copy_from_user(buf, user_buffer, writesize)) {
retval = -EFAULT;
goto error;
}
/* this lock makes sure we don't submit URBs to gone devices */
mutex_lock(&dev->io_mutex);
if (!dev->interface) { /* disconnect() was called */
mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
retval = -ENODEV;
goto error;
}
/* initialize the urb properly */
usb_fill_bulk_urb(urb, dev->udev,
usb_sndbulkpipe(dev->udev, dev->bulk_out_endpointAddr),
buf, writesize, skel_write_bulk_callback, dev);
urb->transfer_flags |= URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP;
usb_anchor_urb(urb, &dev->submitted);
/* send the data out the bulk port */
retval = usb_submit_urb(urb, GFP_KERNEL);
mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
if (retval) {
err("%s - failed submitting write urb, error %d", __func__, retval);
goto error_unanchor;
}
/* release our reference to this urb, the USB core will eventually free it entirely */
usb_free_urb(urb);
return writesize;
error_unanchor:
usb_unanchor_urb(urb);
error:
if (urb) {
usb_buffer_free(dev->udev, writesize, buf, urb->transfer_dma);
usb_free_urb(urb);
}
up(&dev->limit_sem);
exit:
return retval;
}
static const struct file_operations skel_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.read = skel_read,
.write = skel_write,
.open = skel_open,
.release = skel_release,
.flush = skel_flush,
};
/*
* usb class driver info in order to get a minor number from the usb core,
* and to have the device registered with the driver core
*/
static struct usb_class_driver skel_class = {
.name = "skel%d",
.fops = &skel_fops,
.minor_base = USB_SKEL_MINOR_BASE,
};
static int skel_probe(struct usb_interface *interface, const struct usb_device_id *id)
{
struct usb_skel *dev;
struct usb_host_interface *iface_desc;
struct usb_endpoint_descriptor *endpoint;
size_t buffer_size;
int i;
int retval = -ENOMEM;
/* allocate memory for our device state and initialize it */
dev = kzalloc(sizeof(*dev), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!dev) {
err("Out of memory");
goto error;
}
kref_init(&dev->kref);
sema_init(&dev->limit_sem, WRITES_IN_FLIGHT);
mutex_init(&dev->io_mutex);
spin_lock_init(&dev->err_lock);
init_usb_anchor(&dev->submitted);
dev->udev = usb_get_dev(interface_to_usbdev(interface));
dev->interface = interface;
/* set up the endpoint information */
/* use only the first bulk-in and bulk-out endpoints */
iface_desc = interface->cur_altsetting;
for (i = 0; i < iface_desc->desc.bNumEndpoints; ++i) {
endpoint = &iface_desc->endpoint[i].desc;
if (!dev->bulk_in_endpointAddr &&
usb_endpoint_is_bulk_in(endpoint)) {
/* we found a bulk in endpoint */
buffer_size = le16_to_cpu(endpoint->wMaxPacketSize);
dev->bulk_in_size = buffer_size;
dev->bulk_in_endpointAddr = endpoint->bEndpointAddress;
dev->bulk_in_buffer = kmalloc(buffer_size, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!dev->bulk_in_buffer) {
err("Could not allocate bulk_in_buffer");
goto error;
}
}
if (!dev->bulk_out_endpointAddr &&
usb_endpoint_is_bulk_out(endpoint)) {
/* we found a bulk out endpoint */
dev->bulk_out_endpointAddr = endpoint->bEndpointAddress;
}
}
if (!(dev->bulk_in_endpointAddr && dev->bulk_out_endpointAddr)) {
err("Could not find both bulk-in and bulk-out endpoints");
goto error;
}
/* save our data pointer in this interface device */
usb_set_intfdata(interface, dev);
/* we can register the device now, as it is ready */
retval = usb_register_dev(interface, &skel_class);
if (retval) {
/* something prevented us from registering this driver */
err("Not able to get a minor for this device.");
usb_set_intfdata(interface, NULL);
goto error;
}
/* let the user know what node this device is now attached to */
info("USB Skeleton device now attached to USBSkel-%d", interface->minor);
return 0;
error:
if (dev)
/* this frees allocated memory */
kref_put(&dev->kref, skel_delete);
return retval;
}
static void skel_disconnect(struct usb_interface *interface)
{
struct usb_skel *dev;
int minor = interface->minor;
dev = usb_get_intfdata(interface);
usb_set_intfdata(interface, NULL);
/* give back our minor */
usb_deregister_dev(interface, &skel_class);
/* prevent more I/O from starting */
mutex_lock(&dev->io_mutex);
dev->interface = NULL;
mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
usb_kill_anchored_urbs(&dev->submitted);
/* decrement our usage count */
kref_put(&dev->kref, skel_delete);
info("USB Skeleton #%d now disconnected", minor);
}
static void skel_draw_down(struct usb_skel *dev)
{
int time;
time = usb_wait_anchor_empty_timeout(&dev->submitted, 1000);
if (!time)
usb_kill_anchored_urbs(&dev->submitted);
}
static int skel_suspend(struct usb_interface *intf, pm_message_t message)
{
struct usb_skel *dev = usb_get_intfdata(intf);
if (!dev)
return 0;
skel_draw_down(dev);
return 0;
}
static int skel_resume (struct usb_interface *intf)
{
return 0;
}
static int skel_pre_reset(struct usb_interface *intf)
{
struct usb_skel *dev = usb_get_intfdata(intf);
mutex_lock(&dev->io_mutex);
skel_draw_down(dev);
return 0;
}
static int skel_post_reset(struct usb_interface *intf)
{
struct usb_skel *dev = usb_get_intfdata(intf);
/* we are sure no URBs are active - no locking needed */
dev->errors = -EPIPE;
mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
return 0;
}
static struct usb_driver skel_driver = {
.name = "skeleton",
.probe = skel_probe,
.disconnect = skel_disconnect,
.suspend = skel_suspend,
.resume = skel_resume,
.pre_reset = skel_pre_reset,
.post_reset = skel_post_reset,
.id_table = skel_table,
.supports_autosuspend = 1,
};
static int __init usb_skel_init(void)
{
int result;
/* register this driver with the USB subsystem */
result = usb_register(&skel_driver);
if (result)
err("usb_register failed. Error number %d", result);
return result;
}
static void __exit usb_skel_exit(void)
{
/* deregister this driver with the USB subsystem */
usb_deregister(&skel_driver);
}
module_init(usb_skel_init);
module_exit(usb_skel_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
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