C++虚函数(5) - 虚析构函数

使用一个指向基类(析构函数为non-virtual)的指针，来删除一个子类时，会导致为未知行为。这种情况下，基类必须定义虚析构函数。

例如，下面程序会导致未知行为。

//此程序中基类没有定义虚析构函数，会导致异常行为
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class base {
public:
    base() {  cout << "Constructing base \n"; }
    ~base() { cout << "Destructing base \n"; }
};

class derived : public base {
public:
    derived() { cout << "Constructing derived \n"; }
    ~derived() { cout << "Destructing derived \n"; }
};

int main(void) {
    derived* d = new derived();
    base* b = d;
    delete b;
    return 0;
}

不同的编译器可能会打印不同结果。

下面是visual studio 2015的运行结果：
Constructing base
Constructing derived
Destructing base

 

而下面是gcc 4.8.5的运行结果：
Constructing base 
Constructing derived 
Destructing base

将基类的析构函数定义为virtual后, 就可以确保子类能被正确的析构了。

参考下面例子：

// 使用虚析构函数的例子程序
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class base {
public:
    base() { cout << "Constructing base \n"; }
    virtual ~base() {  cout << "Destructing base \n"; }
};

class derived : public base {
public:
    derived() { cout << "Constructing derived \n"; }
    ~derived() { cout << "Destructing derived \n"; }
};

int main(void) {
    derived* d = new derived();
    base* b = d;
    delete b;
    return 0;
}

运行结果：
Constructing base
Constructing derived
Destructing derived
Destructing base

做为一个原则, 任何时候只有一个类中拥有虚函数，则应该立即给这个类增加一个虚析构函数(尽管它也许不会做什么)。