Java Python EEET 3050 - Renewable Energy Systems
Practical 1 - Characteristics of Doubly-fed Induction Generators (DFIG)
Aim: The aim of this practical is to evaluate basic operating characteristics of a Doubly-fed
induction generator directly connected to a grid using standard MATLAB/SIMULINK blocks given in Simscape.
Objectives: Familiarise with the block diagram of wind generating systems given in Simscape.
Develop a simple model of a wind power plant directly connected to a grid
Simulation of the developed model and familiarise with MATLAB (2019a) Workspace and graph plotting
Background: In contrast to aconventional power generation, wind power is intermittent type. Thus
the output power of a wind generator cannot be controlled on demand. In other words, wind power is not dispatchable. The fluctuating output power of a wind generator or a wind farm affects the voltage profile, losses, reliability and stability of the system. The output power of a wind turbine depends on wind speed which is stochastic in nature. For a given wind speed, the turbine efficiency or performance coefficient (Cp) depends on turbine speed and hence tip-speed ratio (λ), and blade pitch angle (β). The turbine power Pm can be expressed as:
Where, ρ is the air density, A is the blade sweep area and Vw is the wind speed.
In this practical, a Doubly-fed-induction-generator (DFIG) is used. To extract the maximum power at different windspeeds, the speed of the wind turbine and hence the generator is required to vary according to the wind speeds. This is done by employing partial size back-to-back power electronic converters (ac-dc-ac). The converters are connected to a common dc capacitor. The rotor side and grid side converters synthesize an ac voltage from a dc voltage source (represented by the dc capacitor). The speed control range of the DFIG depends on the size of the converters used. Usually size of the converter is about 30% of rated power of the generator. Blade pitch angle of the wind turbine is also adjusted to limit the output power (at the rated value) during higher windspeeds.
Description:
Fig.1 illustrates the single line diagram of a simple wind power plant connected to a power grid and supplying a local load. Fig. 2 illustrates the corresponding Simulink model or block diagram. The procedure of developing the block diagram is described in the following.
Instructions:
1. Open MATLAB from ‘Start’ menu.
2. Select ‘New’ → ’Simulink Model’ (or type ‘Simulink’ in the command window) to get a new Simulink window.
3. Click ‘Simulink Library’ icon in the toolbar to get the window of the Simulink library.
4. The DFIG block is located in Simscape → Electrical → Specialised Power System → Renewables
→ Wind → Wind turbine doubly - fed Induction Generator (Phasor type).
• Drag & drop the model on to the new file.
• Save the file.
5. Type ‘Powergui’ in the Simulink library search space. Drag & drop the ‘Powergui’ block into your model.
6. Search for the following blocks and drag & drop them into your Simulink file.
• Three-phase source, constant, step, scope, clock, Three-Phase series RLC load, Bus creator, Bus selector, simout block (To workspace).
Hint: Find simout block (To workspace) in ‘Sinks’ category.
7. Connect all the elements as shown in Fig.2. Save the output of simout block as ‘array’ instead of ‘timeseries’ . (Hint: Change the ‘save format’ option of simout block)
8. Right click the ‘Bus creator’ → Block parameter → Set no. of inputs to ‘6’ .
9. Right click on the ‘Bus selector’ → Block parameter → Select P (pu), Q (pu), Tm, wr→ Click ‘OK’ .
10. Choose the solver: Click on the ‘Variable step auto’ (bottom right corner) → Settings → Solver → ode 45 (Dormand-Prince).
11. Double click on the ‘Powergui’ block → Select the simulation type as ‘Phasor’ and Frequency as ‘60Hz’ → Click ‘OK’ .
12. Double click on the ‘Three-phase Source’ and enter the following parameters:
• Phase-to-phase rms voltage - 575 V, Frequency - 60Hz, Phase angle - 0, 3-phase short circuit level - 100 MVA, X/R ratio – 7, Base voltage – 575 V
13. Double click on the ‘Three-phase load’ block and enter the following parameters :
• In the ‘Parameters’ EEET 3050 - Renewable Energy Systems Practical 1 – Characteristics of Doubly-fed Induction GeneratorsMatlab tab → Nominal phase-to-phase voltage - 575 V, configuration - Y (grounded), frequency - 60 Hz, active power - 100 kW, Inductive and capacitive reactive power - 0
• In the ‘Load flow’ tab → load type ‘Constant Z’
14. Double click on the ‘Constant’ block connected to the ‘Trip’ in the wind turbine model → set the constant to ‘0’
15. Double click on the ‘Step’ block connected to the ‘Wind’ in the wind turbine model and set the following parameters:
• Step time - 5, Initial value - 8, Final value - 10
16. Double click on the scope and click the ‘Parameter’ icon on the toolbar of the scope → Select the ‘Logging’ tab → untick the box for ‘Limit data points to last’ →Click ‘OK’ . Do this change on all the scopes.
17. Double click on the ‘Wind Turbine’ model and enter the following parameters:
• Select the ‘Generator’ option → Nominal power, line-to-line voltage, frequency - [1.5e6/0.9 575 60], Stator - [ 0.00706 0.171], rotor - [ 0.005 0.156], Magnetizing inductance - 2.9, Inertia constant, friction factor, and pairs of poles - [5.04 0.01 3], Initial conditions - [0.2 0 0 0 0 0]
• Select the ‘Turbine’ option → Nominal wind turbine mechanical output power - 1.5e6, Tracking characteristic speeds- [0.7 0.71 1.2 1.21], Power at point C - 0.73,Wind speed at point C - 12, Pitch angle controller gain - 500, Maximum pitch angle - 45, Maximum rate of change of pitch angle -2
• Click on the ‘Display wind turbine characteristics’ and obtain the wind turbine characteristics.
• Save the figure.
18. Set the ‘Simulation Stop Time’ in the tool bar to ‘ 100‘ as follows:
19. Run the simulation by clicking on the ‘Run’ icon in the tool bar.
20. Double click on all the scopes and observe the parameter variations. Click the ‘Auto scale’ icon on the scope toolbar to view the full simulation.
Introduction to MATLAB Workspace:
The MATLAB workspace consists of the variables you create and store in memory during a MATLAB session. You add variables to the workspace by using functions, running MATLAB code, and loading saved workspaces.
The Workspace browser displays the variables in your workspace. From the Workspace browser, you can select variables to view, modify, or plot.
To open the Workspace browser if it is not currently visible, do either of the following:
• Type workspace at the Command Window prompt.
• On the ‘Home’ tab → click ‘Layout’. Then, under ‘Show’, select ‘Workspace’ .
• The variables you selected from the DFIG in the previous section (P (pu), Q (pu), Tm and wr) are saved in the ‘simout’ matrix. (Hint: Click ‘out’ to see ‘simout’ matrix)
Introduction to Plotting Data in MATLAB:
MATLAB has an excellent set of graphic tools. Plotting a given data set or the results of computation is possible with very few commands. Since, all your data related to the simulation is saved in the matrix ‘simout’ in the Workspace, simply follow the following steps to plot different graphs.
21. Type the following command in the command window and press ‘Enter’:
• plot(out.simout( :,1),out.simout(:, 2))
The x-axis of the graph denotes the time variable while they-axis represents the second output coming from the wind generator model.
22. In order to add labels to the x-axis andy-axis and a title, select ‘Insert’ in the graph and select the appropriate labels and title. Then type the label names and the title as illustrated in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 Adding axes labels and titles to a graph
Alternatively, Double click on ‘arrow’ of figure toolbar and edit the axis by double clicking on any of the axis. Save the plot or use ‘Copy Figure’ option from Edit menu and paste the figure in the word document.
23. Similarly, plot the following outputs from the wind generator in separate figures and save all the figure files. Submit the graphs in a report.
• Time vs Active power, Time vs Reactive power, Time vs Wind speed, Time vs Rotor speed, Time vs Mechanical Torque
Report:
The report should include a brief introduction, all plots with critical analysis and discussion, and a conclusion. The report should be approximately 600 words long, excluding figures, diagrams, and tables