MIT 18.01 Single Variable Calculus(单变量微积分)课堂笔记【1】——导数,斜率,速度和变化率

1. 什么是导数?

1.1 导数的几何解释

导数是切线的斜率。
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割线PQ,P点固定,当Q点无限接近于P点直至重合时,PQ就成为切线。

1.2 导数的物理解释

变化率,如速度等。

2. 如何求导?

2.1 求导公式

用到极限的知识:
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2.2 一个例子

用求导公式带入可得:
f ( x ) = 1 x , f ′ ( x ) = − 1 x 2 f(x)=\frac{1}{x},f'(x)=-\frac{1}{x^2} f(x)=x1,f(x)=x21

2.3 一道题:求三角形面积

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思路:先求导求出切线斜率,然后求出x轴截距,然后根据对称法则求出y轴截距,最后求出三角形面积。
a r e a = 1 2 ( 2 x 0 ) ( 2 y 0 ) = 2 x 0 y 0 = 2 area = \frac{1}{2}(2x_0)(2y_0)=2x_0y_0=2 area=21(2x0)(2y0)=2x0y0=2

2.4 不同标记法

  • 牛顿法
  • 莱布尼茨法
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2.5 另一个例子

f ( x ) = x n f(x)=x^n f(x)=xn的导数:
f ( x ) = x n , d d x x n = x n n − 1 f(x)=x^n, \frac{d}{dx}x^n=xn^{n-1} f(x)=xn,dxdxn=xnn1
推导过程需要用到二项式定理,二项式展开后只需要考虑前两项,后面的项是垃圾项。
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本资料为纯英文版,是美国大学一元微积分入门教材 When the first edition of this book appeared twelve years ago, a heated debate about calculus reform was taking place. Such issues as the use of technology, the relevance of rigor, and the role of discovery versus that of drill were causing deep splits in mathematics departments. Since then the rhetoric has calmed down somewhat as reformers and traditionalists have realized that they have a common goal: to enable students to understand and appreciate calculus. The first three editions were intended to be a synthesis of reform and traditional approaches to calculus instruction. In this fourth edition I continue to follow that path by emphasizing conceptual understanding through visual, verbal, numerical, and algebraic approaches. I aim to convey to the student both the practical power of calculus and the intrinsic beauty of the subject. The principal way in which this book differs from my more traditional calculus textbooks is that it is more streamlined. For instance, there is no complete chapter on techniques of integration; I don’t prove as many theorems (see the discussion on rigor on page xv); and the material on transcendental functions and on parametric equations is interwoven throughout the book instead of being treated in separate chapters. Instructors who prefer fuller coverage of traditional calculus topics should look at my books Calculus, Sixth Edition, and Calculus: Early Transcendentals, Sixth Edition.

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