chapter6:python 抽象

1 Fibonacci 斐波那契序列 & callable() & __doc__ & help()

#note:如果使用raw_input,则返回的是plain string,需要进行int转换
def fib():
    num = input('how many numbers you want to get? ')
    fibs = [0,1]
    for i in range(num-2):
        fibs.append(fibs[-2]+fibs[-1])
    return fibs

print fib()

x = 1
print callable(x)   #False
print callable(fib) #True 3.0 print hasattr(fib,__call__)


def fdocstring(self):
    'this is a example for documenting function - docstring'
    pass

print fdocstring.__doc__

help(fib)

print fib.__doc__

2没有return或者return没有数据,的函数,实际返回为None

# return nothing (default None)
def notReal():
    print 'return nothing'
    return
    print 'not show'
print '1----------'
notReal()   # return nothing
print '2----------'
print notReal() # return nothing None

3参数

传入值若是seq,dict等object,则传入为地址,可以对实参进行修改

s = [1,2,3]
def f1(string):
    s [0] = 10
    string.append(4)
f1(s)
print s

4example p145

5指定参数名称,调用函数 & 一次传多个参数 *  **

def f2(p1,p2):
    print p1,p2
f2(p2='2',p1='1') #1 2

def muti1(*i):
    print i
muti1(1)    #(1,)
muti1(1,2,3)#(1, 2, 3)

def muti2(*i,**j): #cannot have two **j, **j dict
    print i
    print j
muti2(1,2,3,name='lili',no=2)
(1,2,3)
{'name':'lili','no':2}

def add(x,y): return x+y
p = (1,2)
print add(*p) #3

def with_stars(**p):
    print '---', p['name'],p['no'] 

p = {'name':'lili','no':1}
with_stars(**p) # --- lili 1

6 vars(),返回dictionary

x = 1
scope = vars()
print scope[‘x’] #1

7 global(),全局变量

x = 100
def change():
    x = 50
    y = 60
    print 'change() x = ',x
    print 'change() global()[x]',globals()['x'] # 100,show global one
    global y   #chang to global,can show outside of this func
    y = y+100
change()
print y

8 NESTED SCOPES,嵌套调用

def out(i):
    def inter(j):
        def inter1(k):
            print('----1')
            return i*j*k
        print('----2')
        return inter1
    print('----3')
    return inter
print out(2)(4)(3) # ---- 3 2 1 24

9 递归

# -- Factorial
def factorial(n):
    result = n
    for i in range(1,n):
        result *= i
    return result
print factorial(1)

def factorial1(n):
    if n==1:
        return 1
    else:
        return n*factorial1(n-1)
print factorial1(2)

# -- power
def power(x,n):
    if n == 0:
        return 1
    result = 1
    for i in range(n): #range(3)1,2,3;range(1,3)1,2
        result *=x
    return result
print '---',power(2,3)

def power1(x,n):
    if n==0:
        return 1
    else:
        return x*power(x,n-1)
print power1(2,3)

example p161

11 Functional programming

# -- map
# pass all the elements of a sequence through a given function
print map(str,range(10))
value={'01':'lili','02':'lucy'}
value1=[1,2,3]
print map(str,value)    #['02', '01']
print map(str,value1)   #['1', '2', '3']
# -- filter
# to filter out items based on a Boolean function
def func(x):
    if x >=0: return True
    if x<0 : return False
seq=[-1,0,2,3,-2]
print filter(func,seq) #seq make func return ture; 
# -- lambda
# for define simple function,primarily used with map/filter and reduce
print filter(lambda x:x>=0,seq)
# -- reduce
num = [1,2,3,4]
num1 = [1]
print reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,num)
print reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,num1)