首先声明本来想自己写C#委托和事件的,但是在查找资料时发现百度百科里面给出的解释不错,不过整篇文章读下来总感觉有点混乱,看前半部分还可以,看后半部分时就有点云里雾里了,为了能给广大的像我一样的初学者提供一个更加浅显易懂的委托和事件,同时也为了方便自己以后查看,现将百度百科里面精髓的部分提炼出来,同时也添加了自己的对委托和事件的理解,有不足之处,请大家多多指点!
一、委托的由来
先不要管什么是委托,为什么本文上来就不把委托的定义给出来,你现在的首要任务是静下心来,仔细阅读最简单的代码,跟我一步一步揭开委托的神秘面纱。
先看段简单的代码,我不喜欢只放一段重要的代码,那样让人看着……,反正我是不喜欢,就这么任性,哈哈……
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DelegateTest
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
EnglishGreeting("Jimmy");
ChineseGreeting("Jimmy");
Console.ReadKey();
}
static void EnglishGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Morning," + name);
}
static void ChineseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("早上好," + name);
}
}
}
上面仅仅定义了两个打招呼的方法,一个英文的,一个中文的,定义为static主要是方便在Main方法里调用。如果又有新的打招呼的方式加进来,比方说韩文的,日文的等等,此时比较好的代码是先定义个枚举再在一个调用方法里面用switch实现分支调用,代码的书写形式如下:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DelegateTest
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
PeopleGreeting(Greeting.Chinese, "黎明"); //调用哪个打招呼的方法就枚举对应的值
Console.ReadKey();
}
static void PeopleGreeting(Greeting pg,string name)
{
switch (pg)
{
case Greeting.English:
EnglishGreeting(name);
break;
case Greeting.Chinese:
ChineseGreeting(name);
break;
case Greeting.Japanese:
JapaneseGreeting(name);
break;
default:
ChineseGreeting(name);
break;
}
}
enum Greeting
{
English,
Chinese,
Japanese
}
static void EnglishGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Morning," + name);
}
static void ChineseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("早上好," + name);
}
static void JapaneseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("こんにちは," + name);
}
}
}
但是现在有一个问题,比方说又有新的其它打招呼的方式,比如:西班牙、葡萄牙、法语、俄语等等,此时你不仅需要写对应的打招呼的方法,还需要修改枚举Greeting,还需要修改PeopleGreeting方法,因此可以看出这种编程方式非常不利于程序的后期的扩展和维护。在考虑新的解决方案之前,我们先看看PeopleGreeting的方法签名(返回值和参数):
static void PeopleGreeting(Greeting pg,string name)
static void PeopleGreeting(*** MakeGreeting, string name)
{
MakeGreeting(name);
}
注意到 *** ,这个位置通常放置的应该是参数的类型,但到目前为止,我们仅仅是想到应该有个可以代表方法的参数,并按这个思路去改写PeopleGreeting方法,就出现了一个大问题:
这个代表着方法的MakeGreeting参数应该是什么类型的?NOTE:这里已不再需要枚举了,因为在给MakeGreeting赋值的时候动态地决定使用哪个方法,是ChineseGreeting还是 EnglishGreeting,而在这个两个方法内部,已经对使用“morning”还是“早上好”作了区分。
聪明的你应该已经想到了,是委托该出场的时候了,但讲述委托之前,我们再看看MakeGreeting参数所能代表的 ChineseGreeting()和EnglishGreeting()方法的签名:
void EnglishGreeting(string name)
void ChineseGreeting(string name)
static void PeopleGreeting(GreetingDelegate gd,string name)
{
gd(name);
}
如你所见,委托GreetingDelegate出现的位置与 string相同,string是一个类型,那么GreetingDelegate应该也是一个类型,或者叫类(Class)。但是委托的声明方式和类却完全不同,这是怎么一回事?实际上,委托在编译的时候确实会编译成类。因为Delegate是一个类,所以在任何可以声明类的地方都可以声明委托。更多的内容将在下面讲述,请看看这个范例的完整代码:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DelegateTest
{
public delegate void GreetingDelegate(string name);
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
PeopleGreeting(ChineseGreeting, "黎明");
Console.ReadKey();
}
static void PeopleGreeting(GreetingDelegate gd, string name)
{
gd(name);
}
static void EnglishGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Morning," + name);
}
static void ChineseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("早上好," + name);
}
static void JapaneseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("こんにちは," + name);
}
}
}
由此我们可以给出委托的定义:
委托是一个类,它定义了方法的类型,使得可以将方法当作另一个方法的参数来进行传递,这种将方法动态地赋给参数的做法,可以避免在程序中大量使用If-Else(Switch)语句,同时使得程序具有更好的可扩展性。
二、委托
看到这里,是不是有那么点如梦初醒的感觉?于是,你是不是在想:在上面的例子中,我不一定要直接在PeopleGreeting()方法中给name参数赋值,我可以像这样使用变量:
<span style="font-size: 14px;">using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DelegateTest
{
public delegate void GreetingDelegate(string name);
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
//注意此处变量的使用
string name1, name2;
name1 = "Jimmy";
name2 = "黎明";
PeopleGreeting(EnglishGreeting, name1);
PeopleGreeting(ChineseGreeting, name2);
Console.ReadKey();
}
static void PeopleGreeting(GreetingDelegate gd, string name)
{
gd(name);
}
static void EnglishGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Morning," + name);
}
static void ChineseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("早上好," + name);
}
static void JapaneseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("こんにちは," + name);
}
}
}</span><span style="font-size:14px;">
</span>
既然委托GreetingDelegate和类型 string 的地位一样,都是定义了一种参数类型,那么,我是不是也可以这么使用委托?
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DelegateTest
{
public delegate void GreetingDelegate(string name);
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
//注意此处变量的使用
string name1, name2;
GreetingDelegate delegate1, delegate2;
name1 = "Jimmy";
name2 = "黎明";
delegate1 = EnglishGreeting;
delegate2 = ChineseGreeting;
PeopleGreeting(delegate1, name1);
PeopleGreeting(delegate2, name2);
Console.ReadKey();
}
static void PeopleGreeting(GreetingDelegate gd, string name)
{
gd(name);
}
static void EnglishGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Morning," + name);
}
static void ChineseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("早上好," + name);
}
static void JapaneseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("こんにちは," + name);
}
}
}<span style="font-size:14px;">
</span>
如你所料,这样是没有问题的,程序一如预料的那样输出。这里,我想说的是委托不同于string的一个特性:可以将多个方法赋给同一个委托,或者叫将多个方法绑定到同一个委托,当调用这个委托的时候,将依次调用其所绑定的方法。在这个例子中,语法如下:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DelegateTest
{
public delegate void GreetingDelegate(string name);
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
GreetingDelegate delegate1;
delegate1 = EnglishGreeting; //先给委托类型的变量赋值
delegate1 += ChineseGreeting; //再给此委托变量再绑定一个方法
PeopleGreeting(delegate1, "Jimmy"); //将先后调用EnglishGreeting再调用ChineseGreeting
Console.ReadKey();
}
static void PeopleGreeting(GreetingDelegate <span style="font-size:14px;">MakeGreeting</span>, string name)
{
gd(name);
}
static void EnglishGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Morning," + name);
}
static void ChineseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("早上好," + name);
}
static void JapaneseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("こんにちは," + name);
}
}
}
输出结果如下:
实际上,我们也可以绕过PeopleGreeting方法,通过委托来直接调用EnglishGreeting和ChineseGreeting:
<span style="font-size:14px;">using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DelegateTest
{
public delegate void GreetingDelegate(string name);
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
GreetingDelegate delegate1;
delegate1 = EnglishGreeting; //先给委托类型的变量赋值
delegate1 += ChineseGreeting; //再给此委托变量再绑定一个方法
delegate1("Jimmy"); //直接通过委托调用:将先后调用EnglishGreeting再调用ChineseGreeting
Console.ReadKey();
}
static void PeopleGreeting(GreetingDelegate <span style="font-size:14px;">MakeGreeting</span>, string name)
{
gd(name);
}
static void EnglishGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Morning," + name);
}
static void ChineseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("早上好," + name);
}
static void JapaneseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("こんにちは," + name);
}
}
}</span>
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DelegateTest
{
public delegate void GreetingDelegate(string name);
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
GreetingDelegate delegate1 = new GreetingDelegate(EnglishGreeting);
delegate1 += ChineseGreeting; //给此委托变量再绑定一个方法
PeopleGreeting(delegate1, "Jimmy"); //将先后调用EnglishGreeting再调用ChineseGreeting
delegate1 -= EnglishGreeting;
PeopleGreeting(delegate1, "黎明");
Console.ReadKey();
}
static void PeopleGreeting(GreetingDelegate <span style="font-size:14px;">MakeGreeting</span>, string name)
{
gd(name);
}
static void EnglishGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Morning," + name);
}
static void ChineseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("早上好," + name);
}
static void JapaneseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("こんにちは," + name);
}
}
}
输出结果:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DelegateTest
{
public delegate void GreetingDelegate(string name);
class GreetingManager
{
public void PeopleGreeting(GreetingDelegate MakeGreeting, string name)
{
MakeGreeting(name);
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
GreetingManager gm = new GreetingManager();
gm.PeopleGreeting(EnglishGreeting, "Jimmy");
gm.PeopleGreeting(ChineseGreeting, "黎明");
Console.ReadKey();
}
static void EnglishGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Morning," + name);
}
static void ChineseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("早上好," + name);
}
static void JapaneseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("こんにちは," + name);
}
}
}
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DelegateTest
{
public delegate void GreetingDelegate(string name);
class GreetingManager
{
public void PeopleGreeting(GreetingDelegate MakeGreeting, string name)
{
MakeGreeting(name);
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
GreetingManager gm = new GreetingManager();
GreetingDelegate delegate1;
delegate1 = EnglishGreeting;
delegate1 += ChineseGreeting;
gm.PeopleGreeting(delegate1, "黎明");
Console.ReadKey();
}
static void EnglishGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Morning," + name);
}
static void ChineseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("早上好," + name);
}
static void JapaneseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("こんにちは," + name);
}
}
}
输出结果:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DelegateTest
{
public delegate void GreetingDelegate(string name);
class GreetingManager
{
public GreetingDelegate delegate1;
public void PeopleGreeting(GreetingDelegate MakeGreeting, string name)
{
MakeGreeting(name);
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
GreetingManager gm = new GreetingManager();
gm.delegate1 = EnglishGreeting;
gm.delegate1 += ChineseGreeting;
gm.PeopleGreeting(gm.delegate1, "黎明");
Console.ReadKey();
}
static void EnglishGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Morning," + name);
}
static void ChineseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("早上好," + name);
}
static void JapaneseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("こんにちは," + name);
}
}
}
输出结果:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DelegateTest
{
public delegate void GreetingDelegate(string name);
class GreetingManager
{
//在GreetingManager类的内部声明delegate1变量
public GreetingDelegate delegate1;
public void PeopleGreeting(string name)
{
if (delegate1 != null) //如果有方法注册委托变量
{
delegate1(name); //通过委托调用方法
}
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
GreetingManager gm = new GreetingManager();
gm.delegate1 = EnglishGreeting;
gm.delegate1 += ChineseGreeting;
gm.PeopleGreeting("黎明"); //注意,这次不需要再传递 delegate1变量
Console.ReadKey();
}
static void EnglishGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Morning," + name);
}
static void ChineseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("早上好," + name);
}
static void JapaneseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("こんにちは," + name);
}
}
}
输出结果:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DelegateTest
{
public delegate void GreetingDelegate(string name);
class GreetingManager
{
//在GreetingManager类的内部声明delegate1变量
public event GreetingDelegate MakeGreet;
public void PeopleGreeting(string name)
{
if (MakeGreet != null) //如果有方法注册委托变量
{
MakeGreet(name); //通过委托调用方法
}
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
GreetingManager gm = new GreetingManager();
gm.MakeGreet = EnglishGreeting;
gm.MakeGreet += ChineseGreeting;
gm.PeopleGreeting("黎明");
Console.ReadKey();
}
static void EnglishGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Morning," + name);
}
static void ChineseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("早上好," + name);
}
static void JapaneseGreeting(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("こんにちは," + name);
}
}
}
异常提示:
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private
GreetingDelegate MakeGreet;
//对事件的声明 实际是 声明一个私有的委托变量
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized)]
public
void
add_MakeGreet(GreetingDelegate value){
this
.MakeGreet = (GreetingDelegate) Delegate.Combine(
this
.MakeGreet, value);
}
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized)]
public
void
remove_MakeGreet(GreetingDelegate value){
this
.MakeGreet = (GreetingDelegate) Delegate.Remove(
this
.MakeGreet, value);
}
|
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3
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8
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public
delegate
void
GreetingDelegate(
string
name);
当编译器遇到这段代码的时候,会生成下面这样一个完整的类:
public
sealed
class
GreetingDelegate:System.MulticastDelegate{
public
GreetingDelegate(
object
@
object
, IntPtr method);
public
virtual
IAsyncResult BeginInvoke(
string
name, AsyncCallback callback,
object
@
object
);
public
virtual
void
EndInvoke(IAsyncResult result);
public
virtual
void
Invoke(
string
name);
}
|