从文件中读取数据

1.read.table()   返回的是一个数据框

    如：test.txt中数据如下：

    name  age

    A          12

    B           15

   Ben        18

Peter        20

  

如：dt<-read.table("test.txt");   可以用dt$name,或是dt["name"]来取columnname为namez的资料

read.table(file, header = FALSE, sep = "", quote = "\"'",           dec = ".", row.names, col.names,           as.is = !stringsAsFactors,           na.strings = "NA", colClasses = NA, nrows = -1,           skip = 0, check.names = TRUE, fill = !blank.lines.skip,           strip.white = FALSE, blank.lines.skip = TRUE,           comment.char = "#",           allowEscapes = FALSE, flush = FALSE,           stringsAsFactors = default.stringsAsFactors(),           fileEncoding = "", encoding = "unknown", text)

read.table还有几种变体，以下几种返回的是list类型的数据

read.csv(file, header = TRUE, sep = ",", quote="\"", dec=".",         fill = TRUE, comment.char="", ...)

read.csv2(file, header = TRUE, sep = ";", quote="\"", dec=",",          fill = TRUE, comment.char="", ...)

read.delim(file, header = TRUE, sep = "\t", quote="\"", dec=".",           fill = TRUE, comment.char="", ...)

read.delim2(file, header = TRUE, sep = "\t", quote="\"", dec=",",            fill = TRUE, comment.char="", ...)

前两个一般用于读取用逗号分割的数据；后两个则针对使用其它分隔符分割的数据（它们不使用行号）

Arguments

file	the name of the file which the data are to be read from. Each row of the table appears as one line of the file. If it does not contain anabsolute path, the file name isrelative to the current working directory,getwd(). Tilde-expansion is performed where supported. As fromR 2.10.0 this can be a compressed file (seefile). Alternatively, file can be a readable text-modeconnection (which will be opened for reading if necessary, and if soclosed (and hence destroyed) at the end of the function call). (Ifstdin() is used, the prompts for lines may be somewhat confusing. Terminate input with a blank line or an EOF signal,Ctrl-D on Unix andCtrl-Z on Windows. Any pushback on stdin() will be cleared before return.) file can also be a complete URL. (For the supported URL schemes, see the ‘URLs’ section of the help forurl.)
header	a logical value indicating whether the file contains the names of the variables as its first line. If missing, the value is determined from the file format:header is set toTRUE if and only if the first row contains one fewer field than the number of columns.
sep	the field separator character. Values on each line of the file are separated by this character. Ifsep = "" (the default forread.table) the separator is ‘white space’, that is one or more spaces, tabs, newlines or carriage returns.
quote	the set of quoting characters. To disable quoting altogether, usequote = "". Seescan for the behaviour on quotes embedded in quotes. Quoting is only considered for columns read as character, which is all of them unlesscolClasses is specified.
dec	the character used in the file for decimal points.
row.names	a vector of row names. This can be a vector giving the actual row names, or a single number giving the column of the table which contains the row names, or character string giving the name of the table column containing the row names. If there is a header and the first row contains one fewer field than the number of columns, the first column in the input is used for the row names. Otherwise ifrow.names is missing, the rows are numbered. Using row.names = NULL forces row numbering. Missing orNULLrow.names generate row names that are considered to be ‘automatic’ (and not preserved byas.matrix).
col.names	a vector of optional names for the variables. The default is to use"V" followed by the column number.
as.is	the default behavior of read.table is to convert character variables (which are not converted to logical, numeric or complex) to factors. The variableas.is controls the conversion of columns not otherwise specified by colClasses. Its value is either a vector of logicals (values are recycled if necessary), or a vector of numeric or character indices which specify which columns should not be converted to factors. Note: to suppress all conversions including those of numeric columns, setcolClasses = "character". Note that as.is is specified per column (not per variable) and so includes the column of row names (if any) and any columns to be skipped.
na.strings	a character vector of strings which are to be interpreted asNA values. Blank fields are also considered to be missing values in logical, integer, numeric and complex fields.
colClasses	character. A vector of classes to be assumed for the columns. Recycled as necessary, or if the character vector is named, unspecified values are taken to beNA. Possible values are NA (the default, whentype.convert is used),"NULL" (when the column is skipped), one of the atomic vector classes (logical, integer, numeric, complex, character, raw), or"factor","Date" or "POSIXct". Otherwise there needs to be anas method (from packagemethods) for conversion from"character" to the specified formal class. Note that colClasses is specified per column (not per variable) and so includes the column of row names (if any).
nrows	integer: the maximum number of rows to read in. Negative and other invalid values are ignored.
skip	integer: the number of lines of the data file to skip before beginning to read data.
check.names	logical. If TRUE then the names of the variables in the data frame are checked to ensure that they are syntactically valid variable names. If necessary they are adjusted (bymake.names) so that they are, and also to ensure that there are no duplicates.
fill	logical. If TRUE then in case the rows have unequal length, blank fields are implicitly added. See ‘Details’.
strip.white	logical. Used only when sep has been specified, and allows the stripping of leading and trailing white space from unquotedcharacter fields (numeric fields are always stripped). Seescan for further details (including the exact meaning of ‘white space’), remembering that the columns may include the row names.
blank.lines.skip	logical: if TRUE blank lines in the input are ignored.
comment.char	character: a character vector of length one containing a single character or an empty string. Use"" to turn off the interpretation of comments altogether.
allowEscapes	logical. Should C-style escapes such as \n be processed or read verbatim (the default)? Note that if not within quotes these could be interpreted as a delimiter (but not as a comment character). For more details seescan.
flush	logical: if TRUE, scan will flush to the end of the line after reading the last of the fields requested. This allows putting comments after the last field.
stringsAsFactors	logical: should character vectors be converted to factors? Note that this is overridden byas.is andcolClasses, both of which allow finer control.
fileEncoding	character string: if non-empty declares the encoding used on a file (not a connection) so the character data can be re-encoded. See the ‘Encoding’ section of the help forfile, the ‘R Data Import/Export Manual’ and ‘Note’.
encoding	encoding to be assumed for input strings. It is used to mark character strings as known to be in Latin-1 or UTF-8 (seeEncoding): it is not used to re-encode the input, but allowsR to handle encoded strings in their native encoding (if one of those two). See ‘Value’.
text	character string: if file is not supplied and this is, then data are read from the value oftext via a text connection. Notice that a literal string can be used to include (small) data sets within R code.
...	Further arguments to be passed to read.table.

函数scan()比read.table()要更加灵活，区别是：scan()可以指定变量的类型

scan()可以用来创建不同的对象：向量，矩阵，数据框，列表等，在缺省情况下（即what被省略），scan()将创建一个数值型向量，如果读取的数据类型与缺省类型或指定类型不符，则将返回一个错误信息。

scan(file = "", what = double(), nmax = -1, n = -1, sep = "",     quote = if(identical(sep, "\n")) "" else "'\"", dec = ".",     skip = 0, nlines = 0, na.strings = "NA",     flush = FALSE, fill = FALSE, strip.white = FALSE,     quiet = FALSE, blank.lines.skip = TRUE, multi.line = TRUE,     comment.char = "", allowEscapes = FALSE,     fileEncoding = "", encoding = "unknown", text)

mydata<-scan("scan.txt",what=list("",0,0));mydata

＃ 读取了文件scan.txt中三个变量，第一个是字符型，后两个是数字型

其中what参数是一个名义列表结构，用来确定要读取的三个向量的模式，在名义列表中，我们可以直接命名对象，如：

mydata<-scan("data.txt",what=list(Sex="",Weight=0,Height=0))

>mydata

$ Sex

[1] "M"  "M"  "F"  " F"

$Weight

[1] 65 70 50 58

$Height

[1] 168 172 156 163

 

11.读取Excel文件的数据

library(RODBC)

z<-odbcConnectExcel("rexceltest.xls")

dd<-sqlFetch(z,"Sheet1")

close(z)

 

12.读取数据库的数据

>library(RODBC)

>ch<-odbcConnect("StocksDSN",uid="myuse",pwd="mypassword")

>stocks<-sqlQuery(ch,"select * from quotes")

>odbcClose(ch)