“对象创建” 模式
- 通过 “对象创建” 模式绕开 new,来避免 new 导致的紧耦合(依赖具体类),从而支持对象创建的稳定。它是接口抽象之后的第一步工作。
- 典型模式:
- 简单工厂模式
- Factory Method
- Abstract Factory
- Propotype
- Builder
一、代码示例
**背景:**假设我们要实现一个计算器,包括加减乘除
我们为了将计算逻辑与界面逻辑分开,可以这样写:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Operation {
public static double getResult(double numA, double numB, String operate) {
double result = 0;
switch (operate) {
case "+":
result = numA + numB;
break;
case "-":
result = numA - numB;
break;
case "*":
result = numA * numB;
break;
case "/":
result = numA / numB;
break;
default:
break;
}
return result;
}
}
class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("输入数字A:");
String strNumA = sc.nextLine();
System.out.println("输入运算符号:");
String operation = sc.nextLine();
System.out.println("输入数字B:");
String strNumB = sc.nextLine();
double result = Operation.getResult(Double.parseDouble(strNumA), Double.parseDouble(strNumB), operation);
System.out.println("结果是" + result);
}
}
**需求变更:**此时,我们需要新添加一个运算符,取余运算。
依据上面的实现方法,我们可以直接在Operation里新添加一个switch分支,但是这样导致的问题是如果频繁地添加运算符,就会频繁地修改Operation类,很容易在添加代码的时候将原有的代码改变。
**分析:**其实,上面的实现方式违反了开放封闭原则,我们要使用一种结构,使得可以在不修改原有代码的基础上增加功能。
abstract class Operation {
protected double numA;
protected double numB;
public void setNumA(double numA) {
this.numA = numA;
}
public void setNumB(double numB) {
this.numB = numB;
}
public abstract double getResult();
}
class OperationAdd extends Operation {
public double getResult() {
return numA + numB;
}
}
class OperationSub extends Operation {
public double getResult() {
return numA - numB;
}
}
class OperationMul extends Operation {
public double getResult() {
return numA * numB;
}
}
class OperationDiv extends Operation {
public double getResult() {
return numA * numB;
}
}
此时,如果需要新增加运算符,只需要新建一个类继承自Operation即可。
但是,我们现在又面临了一个新的问题,即该如何创建运算类,此时就引出了简单工厂模式:
class SimpleFactory {
public Operation getOperation(String operate) {
Operation operation;
switch(operate) {
case "+":
operation = new OperationAdd();
break;
case "-":
operation = new OperationSub();
break;
case "*":
operation = new OperationMul();
break;
case "/":
operation = new OperationDiv();
break;
default:
operation = null;
break;
}
return operation;
}
}
class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
SimpleFactory simpleFactory = new SimpleFactory();
System.out.println("输入数字A:");
String strNumA = sc.nextLine();
System.out.println("输入运算符号:");
String operate = sc.nextLine();
System.out.println("输入数字B:");
String strNumB = sc.nextLine();
Operation operation = simpleFactory.getOperation(operate);
operation.setNumA(Double.parseDouble(strNumA));
operation.setNumB(Double.parseDouble(strNumB));
double result = operation.getResult();
System.out.println("结果是" + result);
}
}
此时,对于客户端来说,业务层使用的是什么计算逻辑是无感知的,就可以动态的添加运算符了,这就是简单工厂模式。