机器学习实践六---K-means聚类算法 和 主成分分析（PCA）

在这次练习中将实现K-means 聚类算法并应用它压缩图片，第二部分，将使用主成分分析算法去找到一个脸部图片的低维描述。

K-means Clustering

Implementing K-means

K-means算法是一种自动将相似的数据样本聚在一起的方法,K-means背后的直观是一个迭代过程，它从猜测初始的质心开始，然后通过重复地将示例分配到最接近的质心，然后根据分配重新计算质心，来细化这个猜测。
具体步骤：

1. 随机初始K个质心
2. 开始迭代
3. 为每个样本找到最近的质心
4. 用分配给每个质心的点来计算每个质心的平均值，作为新的质心
5. 回到三
6. 收敛于最终的均值集
   在实践中，K-means算法通常使用不同的随机初始化运行几次。从不同的随机初始化中选择不同的解的一种方法是选择成本函数值(失真)最低的解。

Finding closest centroids

Computing centroid means

for every centroid k we set

新的形心重置为所有聚集该形心和的平均值

K-means on example dataset

def find_closest_centroids(X, centroids):
    idx = np.zeros((len(X), 1))
    print(idx.shape)
    K = len(centroids)
    print(K)
    t = [0 for i in range(K)]
    print(t)
    for i in range(len(X)):
        for j in range(K):
            temp = centroids[j, :] - X[i, :]
            t[j] = temp.dot(temp.T)
        index = t.index(min(t)) + 1
        print(index)
        idx[i] = index
    return np.array(idx)

mat = loadmat("ex7data2.mat")
X = mat['X']
init_centroids = np.array([[3, 3], [6, 2], [8, 5]])
idx = find_closest_centroids(X, init_centroids)
print(idx[0:3])

计算出聚集样本的平均数，得到新的centroids

def compute_centroids(X, idx):
    centroids = []
    # print(idx)
    K = len(np.unique(idx))
    m, n = X.shape
    centroids = np.zeros((K, n))
    temp = np.zeros((K, n))
    count = np.zeros((K, 1))
    print(temp.shape)
    print(count.shape)
    for i in range(m):
        for j in range(K):
            if idx[i] == j:
                temp[j, :] = temp[j, :] + X[i, :]
                count[j] = count[j] + 1
    centroids = temp/count

    return centroids

绘制聚类过程

def plotData(X, centroids, idx=None):
    """
    可视化数据，并自动分开着色。
    idx: 最后一次迭代生成的idx向量，存储每个样本分配的簇中心点的值
    centroids: 包含每次中心点历史记录
    """
    colors = ['b', 'g', 'gold', 'darkorange', 'salmon', 'olivedrab',
              'maroon', 'navy', 'sienna', 'tomato', 'lightgray', 'gainsboro'
                                                                 'coral', 'aliceblue', 'dimgray', 'mintcream',
              'mintcream']

    assert len(centroids[0]) <= len(colors), 'colors not enough '

    subX = []  # 分号类的样本点
    if idx is not None:
        for i in range(centroids[0].shape[0]):
            x_i = X[idx[:, 0] == i]
            subX.append(x_i)

    else:
        subX = [X]  # 将X转化为一个元素的列表，每个元素为每个簇的样本集，方便下方绘图

    # 分别画出每个簇的点，并着不同的颜色
    plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
    for i in range(len(subX)):
        xx = subX[i]
        plt.scatter(xx[:, 0], xx[:, 1], c=colors[i], label='Cluster %d' % i)
    plt.legend()
    plt.grid(True)
    plt.xlabel('x1', fontsize=14)
    plt.ylabel('x2', fontsize=14)
    plt.title('Plot of X Points', fontsize=16)

    # 画出簇中心点的移动轨迹
    xx, yy = [], []
    for centroid in centroids:
        xx.append(centroid[:, 0])
        yy.append(centroid[:, 1])

    plt.plot(xx, yy, 'rx--', markersize=8)


plotData(X, [init_centroids])
plt.show()

def run_k_means(X, centroids, max_iters):
    K = len(centroids)
    centroids_all = []
    centroids_all.append(centroids)
    centroid_i = centroids
    for i in range(max_iters):
        idx = find_closest_centroids(X, centroid_i)
        centroid_i = compute_centroids(X, idx)
        centroids_all.append(centroid_i)
    return idx, centroids_all

idx, centroids_all = run_k_means(X, init_centroids, 20)
plotData(X, centroids_all, idx)
plt.show()

Random initialization

1. 洗牌所有数据
2. 取前k个作为centroids
   随机选取K个样本作为centroids

def initCentroids(X, K):
    m, n = X.shape
    idx = np.random.choice(m, K)
    centroids = X[idx]
    return centroids

for i in range(K):
    centroids = initCentroids(X, K)
    idx, centroids_all = run_k_means(X, centroids, 10)
    plotData(X, centroids_all, idx)

Image compression with K-means

读入图片，128*128 RGB编码图片

from skimage import io

A = io.imread('bird_small.png')
print(A.shape)
plt.imshow(A)
A = A/255.

K-means on pixels

X = A.reshape(-1, 3)
K = 16
centroids = initCentroids(X, K)
idx, centroids_all = run_k_means(X, centroids, 10)

img = np.zeros(X.shape)
centroids = centroids_all[-1]
for i in range(len(centroids)):
    img[idx == i] = centroids[i]

img = img.reshape((128, 128, 3))

fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 6))
axes[0].imshow(A)
axes[1].imshow(img)

Principal Component Analysis

Example Dataset

mat = loadmat('ex7data1.mat')
X = mat['X']
print(X.shape)
plt.scatter(X[:,0], X[:,1], facecolors='none', edgecolors='b')
plt.show()

Implementing PCA

两个步骤：

1. 计算矩阵数据的协方差
2. 使用SVD 方法得出特征向量
   使用归一化是每个特征在同一范围内。

def feature_normalize(X):
    means = X.mean(axis=0)
    stds = X.std(axis=0, ddof=1)
    X_norm = (X - means) / stds
    return X_norm, means, stds

def pca(X):
    sigma = (X.T @ X) / len(X)
    U, S, V = np.linalg.svd(sigma)

    return U, S, V

X_norm, means, stds = feature_normalize(X)
U, S, V = pca(X_norm)

print(U[:,0])
plt.figure(figsize=(7, 5))
plt.scatter(X[:,0], X[:,1], facecolors='none', edgecolors='b')

plt.plot([means[0], means[0] + 1.5*S[0]*U[0,0]],
         [means[1], means[1] + 1.5*S[0]*U[0,1]],
        c='r', linewidth=3, label='First Principal Component')
plt.plot([means[0], means[0] + 1.5*S[1]*U[1,0]],
         [means[1], means[1] + 1.5*S[1]*U[1,1]],
        c='g', linewidth=3, label='Second Principal Component')
plt.grid()
plt.axis("equal")
plt.legend()

Dimensionality Reduction with PCA

Projecting the data onto the principal components

def project_data(X, U, K):
    Z = X @ U[:, :K]
    return Z

def recover_data(Z, U, K):
    X_rec = Z @ U[:, :K].T

    return X_rec

Reconstructing an approximation of the data

X_rec = recover_data(Z, U, 1)
X_rec[0]

Visualizing the projections

plt.figure(figsize=(7,5))
plt.axis("equal")
plot = plt.scatter(X_norm[:,0], X_norm[:,1], s=30, facecolors='none',
                   edgecolors='b',label='Original Data Points')
plot = plt.scatter(X_rec[:,0], X_rec[:,1], s=30, facecolors='none',
                   edgecolors='r',label='PCA Reduced Data Points')

plt.title("Example Dataset: Reduced Dimension Points Shown",fontsize=14)
plt.xlabel('x1 [Feature Normalized]',fontsize=14)
plt.ylabel('x2 [Feature Normalized]',fontsize=14)
plt.grid(True)

for x in range(X_norm.shape[0]):
    plt.plot([X_norm[x,0],X_rec[x,0]],[X_norm[x,1],X_rec[x,1]],'k--')
    # 输入第一项全是X坐标，第二项都是Y坐标
plt.legend()

Face Image Dataset

mat = loadmat('ex7faces.mat')
X = mat['X']
print(X.shape)

def display_data(X, row, col):
    fig, axs = plt.subplots(row, col, figsize=(8, 8))
    for r in range(row):
        for c in range(col):
            axs[r][c].imshow(X[r * col + c].reshape(32, 32).T, cmap='Greys_r')
            axs[r][c].set_xticks([])
            axs[r][c].set_yticks([])

display_data(X, 10, 10)

PCA on Faces

X_norm, means, stds = feature_normalize(X)
U, S, V = pca(X_norm)
display_data(U[:,:36].T, 6, 6)

Dimensionality Reduction

z = project_data(X_norm, U, K=36)
X_rec = recover_data(z, U, K=36)
display_data(X_rec, 10, 10)