设计模式-原型模式

定义

用原型实例指定创建对象的种类，并且通过拷贝这些原型创建新的对象。

浅拷贝

先上代码：
定义一个Person类，实现Cloneable接口，重写clone()方法

public class Person implements Cloneable {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    public Person(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }
    @Override
    protected Person clone() {
        Person p = null;
        try {
            p = (Person) super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return p;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                '}';
    }
}

客户端调用：

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Person p1=new Person("小李",18);
        Person p2 = p1.clone();
        System.out.println(p1==p2);//false
        System.out.println("p1:"+p1.toString());//p1:Person{name='小李', age=18}
        System.out.println("p2:"+p2.toString());//p2:Person{name='小李', age=18}
    }
}

输出与预想一致，拷贝成功！

再Person类中再加一个引用类型的成员变量Location，代码如下：
Person跟Location类：

public class Person implements Cloneable {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private Location location;
    public Location getLocation() {
        return location;
    }
    public void setLocation(Location location) {
        this.location = location;
    }
    public Person(String name, int age, Location location) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.location = location;
    }
    @Override
    protected Person clone() {
        Person p = null;
        try {
            p = (Person) super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return p;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", location=" + location.toString() +
                '}';
    }
}
class Location{
    private String loc;
    private String room;
    public Location(String loc, String room) {
        this.loc = loc;
        this.room = room;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Location{" +
                "loc='" + loc + '\'' +
                ", room='" + room + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

客户端：

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Location location=new Location("bj","201");
        Person p1=new Person("小李",18,location);
        Person p2 = p1.clone();
        System.out.println(p1==p2);
        System.out.println("p1:"+p1.toString()+",location hashcode:"+p1.getLocation().hashCode());
        System.out.println("p2:"+p2.toString()+",location hashcode:"+p2.getLocation().hashCode());
    }
}
输出：
false
p1:Person{name='小李', age=18, location=Location{loc='bj', room='201'}},location hashcode:460141958
p2:Person{name='小李', age=18, location=Location{loc='bj', room='201'}},location hashcode:460141958

可以看出，location的hashcode值相等，说明是同一个对象，其实想想也对，Person复制对象的时候会把location属性也复制，但是复制的肯定是引用，复制的引用指向了原来的Location对象。

1. 对于数据类型是基本数据（包括String）类型的成员变量，浅拷贝会直接进行值传递，也就是将该属性值复制一份给新的对象。
2. 对于数据类型是引用数据类型的成员变量，比如说成员变量是某个数组、某个类的对象等，那么浅拷贝会进行引用传递，也就是只是将该成员变量的引用值（内存地址）复制一份给新的对象。因为实际上两个对象的该成员变量都指向同一个实例。在这种情况下，在一个对象中修改该成员变量会影响到另一个对象的该成员变量值

深拷贝

想要使得上述的Location对象也拷贝一份，然后Person对象的成员变量指向新的Location对象，就需要深拷贝。
方法也很简单，让Location也实现Cloneable接口，重新clone()方法，在Person clone() 中调用Location的clone() 即可，其实就是把每个对象都clone() 了一遍。
代码如下：
Person和Location类：

public class Person implements Cloneable {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private Location location;
    public Location getLocation() {
        return location;
    }
    public void setLocation(Location location) {
        this.location = location;
    }
    public Person(String name, int age, Location location) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.location = location;
    }
    @Override
    protected Person clone() {
        Person p = null;
        try {
            p = (Person) super.clone();
            p.location=(Location) p.getLocation().clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return p;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", location=" + location.toString() +
                '}';
    }
}
class Location implements Cloneable{
    private String loc;
    private String room;
    public Location(String loc, String room) {
        this.loc = loc;
        this.room = room;
    }
    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        return super.clone();
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Location{" +
                "loc='" + loc + '\'' +
                ", room='" + room + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

Client：

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Location location=new Location("bj","201");
        Person p1=new Person("小李",18,location);
        Person p2 = p1.clone();
        System.out.println(p1==p2);
        System.out.println("p1:"+p1.toString()+",location hashcode:"+p1.getLocation().hashCode());
        System.out.println("p2:"+p2.toString()+",location hashcode:"+p2.getLocation().hashCode());
    }
}
输出：
false
p1:Person{name='小李', age=18, location=Location{loc='bj', room='201'}},location hashcode:460141958
p2:Person{name='小李', age=18, location=Location{loc='bj', room='201'}},location hashcode:1163157884

深拷贝成功，但是如果Person对象特别复杂，其中有很多引用类型的成员变量，那就很麻烦。
还有一种深拷贝，序列化。

深拷贝（序列化）（推荐使用）

代码：
Persion和Location类：

public class Person implements Serializable {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private Location location;

    public Location getLocation() {
        return location;
    }

    public void setLocation(Location location) {
        this.location = location;
    }

    public Person(String name, int age, Location location) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.location = location;
    }

    public Person deepClone() {
        //创建流对象
        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = null;
        ObjectOutputStream oos = null;
        ByteArrayInputStream bis = null;
        ObjectInputStream ois = null;
        try {
            //序列化
            bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            oos = new ObjectOutputStream(bos);
            oos.writeObject(this); //当前这个对象以对象流的方式输出

            //反序列化
            bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
            ois = new ObjectInputStream(bis);
            Person copyObj = (Person) ois.readObject();
            return copyObj;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            return null;
        } finally {
            //关闭流
            try {
                bos.close();
                oos.close();
                bis.close();
                ois.close();
            } catch (Exception e2) {
            }
        }
    }


    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", location=" + location.toString() +
                '}';
    }
}
class Location implements Serializable {
    private String loc;
    private String room;
    public Location(String loc, String room) {
        this.loc = loc;
        this.room = room;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Location{" +
                "loc='" + loc + '\'' +
                ", room='" + room + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

Client：

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Location location=new Location("bj","201");
        Person p1=new Person("小李",18,location);
        Person p2 = p1.deepClone();
        System.out.println(p1==p2);
        System.out.println("p1:"+p1.toString()+",location hashcode:"+p1.getLocation().hashCode());
        System.out.println("p2:"+p2.toString()+",location hashcode:"+p2.getLocation().hashCode());
    }
}
输出：
false
p1:Person{name='小李', age=18, location=Location{loc='bj', room='201'}},location hashcode:325040804
p2:Person{name='小李', age=18, location=Location{loc='bj', room='201'}},location hashcode:1595428806

总结

1. 创建新的对象比较复杂时，可以利用原型模式简化对象的创建过程，同时也能够提高效率，简单的对象new的效率比clone高。
2. 不用重新初始化对象，而是动态地获得对象运行时的状态
3. 如果原始对象发生变化(增加或者减少属性)，其它克隆对象的也会发生相应的变化，无需修改代码
4. 在实现深克隆的时候可能需要比较复杂的代码
5. 缺点：需要为每一个类配备一个克隆方法，这对全新的类来说不是很难，但对已有的类进行改造时，需要修改其源代码，违背了 ocp 原则，这点请同学们注意.