DQN算法对Atari训练的代码如下：
```python
import gym
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
env = gym.make('SpaceInvaders-v0')
state_size = env.observation_space.shape
action_size = env.action_space.n
# Hyperparameters
learning_rate = 0.001
memory_size = 1000000
batch_size = 32
gamma = 0.99
epsilon = 1.0
epsilon_min = 0.01
epsilon_decay = 0.995
target_update_frequency = 10000
num_episodes = 10000
max_steps = 5000
# Replay Memory
memory = []
# Q-Network
class QNetwork:
def __init__(self, state_size, action_size, learning_rate):
self.state_size = state_size
self.action_size = action_size
self.learning_rate = learning_rate
self.inputs = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, *state_size])
self.actions = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, action_size])
self.targets = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None])
conv1 = tf.layers.conv2d(inputs=self.inputs, filters=32, kernel_size=[8,8], strides=[4,4], padding="VALID", activation=tf.nn.relu)
conv2 = tf.layers.conv2d(inputs=conv1, filters=64, kernel_size=[4,4], strides=[2,2], padding="VALID", activation=tf.nn.relu)
conv3 = tf.layers.conv2d(inputs=conv2, filters=64, kernel_size=[3,3], strides=[1,1], padding="VALID", activation=tf.nn.relu)
flatten = tf.layers.flatten(conv3)
fc1 = tf.layers.dense(inputs=flatten, units=512, activation=tf.nn.relu)
self.output = tf.layers.dense(inputs=fc1, units=action_size)
self.loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(self.targets - tf.reduce_sum(tf.multiply(self.output, self.actions), axis=1)))
self.optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate=self.learning_rate).minimize(self.loss)
# DQN Agent
class DQNAgent:
def __init__(self, state_size, action_size, learning_rate, memory_size, batch_size, gamma, epsilon, epsilon_min, epsilon_decay, target_update_frequency):
self.state_size = state_size
self.action_size = action_size
self.learning_rate = learning_rate
self.memory_size = memory_size
self.batch_size = batch_size
self.gamma = gamma
self.epsilon = epsilon
self.epsilon_min = epsilon_min
self.epsilon_decay = epsilon_decay
self.target_update_frequency = target_update_frequency
self.q_network = QNetwork(state_size, action_size, learning_rate)
self.target_network = QNetwork(state_size, action_size, learning_rate)
self.replay_memory = []
self.timestep = 0
self.sess = tf.Session()
self.sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())
def act(self, state):
if np.random.rand() <= self.epsilon:
return np.random.choice(self.action_size)
q_values = self.sess.run(self.q_network.output, feed_dict={self.q_network.inputs: state.reshape(1, *self.state_size)})
return np.argmax(q_values[0])
def remember(self, state, action, reward, next_state, done):
self.replay_memory.append((state, action, reward, next_state, done))
if len(self.replay_memory) > self.memory_size:
self.replay_memory.pop(0)
def replay(self):
if len(self.replay_memory) < self.batch_size:
return
samples = np.random.choice(self.replay_memory, self.batch_size)
states, actions, rewards, next_states, dones = map(np.array, zip(*samples))
targets = rewards + self.gamma * (np.amax(self.target_network.output.eval(feed_dict={self.target_network.inputs: next_states}), axis=1)) * (1 - dones)
targets_full = self.q_network.output.eval(feed_dict={self.q_network.inputs: states})
targets_full[np.arange(self.batch_size), actions] = targets
self.q_network.optimizer.run(feed_dict={self.q_network.inputs: states, self.q_network.actions: np.eye(self.action_size)[actions], self.q_network.targets: targets_full})
if self.timestep % self.target_update_frequency == 0:
self.target_network = self.q_network
self.timestep += 1
def train(self, num_episodes, max_steps):
for i in range(num_episodes):
state = env.reset()
done = False
total_reward = 0
for j in range(max_steps):
action = self.act(state)
next_state, reward, done, _ = env.step(action)
self.remember(state, action, reward, next_state, done)
state = next_state
total_reward += reward
self.replay()
if done:
break
if self.epsilon > self.epsilon_min:
self.epsilon *= self.epsilon_decay
print("Episode: {}, Reward: {}".format(i, total_reward))
agent = DQNAgent(state_size, action_size, learning_rate, memory_size, batch_size, gamma, epsilon, epsilon_min, epsilon_decay, target_update_frequency)
agent.train(num_episodes, max_steps)
```
这个代码实现了DQN算法，使用TensorFlow实现了Q-Network和Target-Network。在每个episode中，循环执行以下步骤：
1. 根据当前状态选择一个动作。
2. 执行所选动作并观察下一个状态和奖励。
3. 将当前状态、所选动作、奖励、下一个状态、以及是否终止的标志存储到replay memory中。
4. 从replay memory中随机选择一批经验进行训练，更新Q-Network的参数。
5. 如果需要，更新Target-Network的参数。
6. 如果达到终止条件，则结束循环。
在训练过程中，epsilon值会逐渐减小，从而使得智能体在开始阶段更多的进行探索，然后逐渐转向利用已有知识。同时，也会定期更新Target-Network的参数，以提高算法的稳定性。
在Atari游戏breakout-v0中，智能体的action_space包括4个动作。重要的是，要启动游戏并发射小球，必须执行动作1-FIRE。然而，作者遇到的问题是其训练的模型在经历失败后未能学习到执行此动作，导致游戏无法进展。这需要对模型进行调整，使其能正确响应游戏状态并适时发射小球。
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