设计模式之备忘录模式

核心：在不破坏封装性的前提下，在该对象之外保存这个状态，以便之后可以将该对象恢复到原状态。

比如说打游戏保存记录

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 玩家初始状态
        Player player = new Player(100, 100, 100);
        System.out.println(player);
        // 打Boss之前先存盘
        Player backup = new Player(player.hp, player.attack, player.defence);
        // 打Boss
        player.fightBoss();
        System.out.println(player);
        // 读取记录
        player.hp = backup.hp;
        player.attack = backup.attack;
        player.defence = backup.defence;
        System.out.println(player);
    }
}

class Player {
    public int hp;
    public int attack;
    public int defence;

    public Player(int hp, int attack, int defence) {
        this.hp = hp;
        this.attack = attack;
        this.defence = defence;
    }

    public void fightBoss() {
        hp = 0;
        attack = 0;
        defence = 0;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "hp = " + hp + ", attack = " + attack + ", defence = " + defence;
    }
}

这样实现暴露了具体类的细节，加重了调用方的职责，也不方便扩展。
因此可以考虑专门使用一个备忘录类来保存具体类的细节，把保存状态的职责交给这个备忘录。

备忘录类：其实就像一个POJO，可以选择性保存目标类的某些状态

class PlayerMemento {
    public int hp;
    public int attack;
    public int defence;

    public PlayerMemento(int hp, int attack, int defence) {
        this.hp = hp;
        this.attack = attack;
        this.defence = defence;
    }
}

然后目标类可以使用Memento类完成封装的保存和读取：

class Player {
    public int hp;
    public int attack;
    public int defence;

    public Player(int hp, int attack, int defence) {
        this.hp = hp;
        this.attack = attack;
        this.defence = defence;
    }

    public PlayerMemento save() {
        return new PlayerMemento(hp, attack, defence);
    }

    public void restore(PlayerMemento memento) {
        hp = memento.hp;
        attack = memento.attack;
        defence = memento.defence;
    }

    public void fightBoss() {
        hp = 0;
        attack = 0;
        defence = 0;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "hp = " + hp + ", attack = " + attack + ", defence = " + defence;
    }
}

这样我们存盘和读盘都就把细节隐藏到Memento当中了

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 玩家初始状态
        Player player = new Player(100, 100, 100);
        System.out.println(player);
        // 打Boss之前先存盘
        PlayerMemento memento = player.save();
        // 打Boss
        player.fightBoss();
        System.out.println(player);
        // 读取记录
        player.restore(memento);
        System.out.println(player);
    }
}

还可以把Memento保存到一个管理类当中，由这个管理类去负责存取。

class MememtoHolder {
    private PlayerMemento memento;

    public void setMemento(PlayerMemento memento) {
        this.memento = memento;
    }

    public PlayerMemento getMemento() {
        return memento;
    }
}

感觉备忘录模式和原型模式功能比较类似，不过备忘录模式是把目标状态保存到其他类，可以选择所要保存的内容。原型模式是直接复制内存形成新的同类对象。