Multicast-1

implementing Multicast

Explaining Multicast

Why Multicast?

Used when sending same data to multiple receivers

Better bandwidth utilization

Less host/router processing

Used when addresses of receivers unknown

Used when simultaneous delivery for a group of receivers is required(simulcast)

同时性

 

Multicast Disadvantages

Multicast is UDP based. PIM

Best-effort delivery:Drops are be be expected.Multicast applications must expect reliable delivery of data and should be designed accordingly.Reliable multicast applications will address this issue.

No congestion avoidance:The lack of TCP windowing and "slow-start" mechanisms can result in network congestion.if possible.multicast applications should attempt to detect and avoid congestion conditions.

Out-of-sequence delivery:Network topology changes affect the order of delivery-the application must properly address the issue.

Duplicates:Some multicast protocol mechanisms result in the occasional generation of duplicate packets.Multicast applictions should be designed to expect occasional duplicate packets.

Type of Multicast Applications

One to many:A single host sending to two or more (n) receivers

eg:

Many to many:Any number of hosts sending to the same multicast group;hosts are also members of the group(sender = receiver)

eg:视频会议，电子白板

Many to one:Any number of receivers sending data back to a source (via unicast or multicast)

eg：监控，画中画

IP Multicast Service Model

• Multicast network routers are distinct from source and receiver segments
• Sources simply start sending data without any indication 
• First-hop routers forward data Receivers report their membership to last hop routers
• Last-hop(leaf)routers communicate group membership to the netowrk

Multicast Conceptual Model

PIM  IGMP

 Multicast IP address structure

Class D  1 1 1 0 Multicast Group ID

A类 1-126

B类128-192

C类192-223

D类 224-239

A Class D address consists of 1110 as the high-order bits in the first octet,followed by a 28-bit group address.

Class D addresses range fro 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255.The high-order bits in the first octet identify this 224-base address.

IP Multicast Addresses

1、 Description Range

reserved link local 224.0.0.0 to 225.0.0.255  224.0.0.0/24

address

2、 Globally scoped 224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255

addresses

Source specific 232.0.0.0 to 232.255.255.255

multicast   SSM

GLOP addresses 233.0.0.0 to 233.255.255.255   GLOP

3、 Limited scope 239.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

addresses

224.0.0.1 所有host和router

224.0.0.2 所有router

224.0.0.3 不多

224.0.0.4 不多

224.0.0.5 OSPF

224.0.0.6  OSPF

225.0.0.7 不多

225.0.0.8

225.0.0.9 RIP

225.0.0.10       EIGRP

225.0.0.13  PIM

申请一个AS号，送一个多播地址

AS ----->Multicast

AS 65123   = 0xFE63

FE=254

63=99

233.254.99.0/24

IGMP and Layer 2 Issues

IGMP

Internet Group Management Protocol

• The way hosts tell routers about group membership
• Routers solicit group membership from directly 

RFC 1112 specifies the first version of IGMP

RFC 2236 specifies the current version of IGMP

IGMP v3 enhancements

Supported on UNIX systems,PCs,and MACs.

RFC 1112,Host extensions for IP Multicasting

--Membership Queries

Querier sends IGMP query messages to 224.0.0.1 with TTL=1

One router on LAN is designated/elected to send queries

Query interval 60 seconds

--Membership Reports

IGMP report send by one host suppresses sending by others

Restrict to one report per group per LAN

Unsolicited reports send by host when it first joins the group

IGMPv1 -Packet Format

  E | IP | IGMP | FCS

query D:224.0.0.1 G:0.0.0.0

report  D:224.1.1.1 G 224.1.1.1

原因有两个

1、路由器和本组的组员都收到

2、抑制其它组员report报文

IGMPv1 -Leaving a Group

Router sends periodic queries

Hosts silently leave group

Router continues sending periodic queries

No reports for group received by router

Group times out

IGMPv2

Group-specific query

Leave Group message

Querier:IGMPv2（查询包，IP地址较小的）

IGPMv1(PIM,DR充当查询者)

show ip igmp interfaces e0

Leave:D224.0.0.2 G:224.1.1.1

R1配置

ip multicast-routing 

interface Ethernet0/0

 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0

 ip pim sparse-mode

R2 配置

 ip multicast-routing 

interface Ethernet0/0

 ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0

 ip pim sparse-mode

R3配置

interface Ethernet0/2

 ip address 10.1.1.3 255.255.255.0

 ip igmp join-group 224.1.1.1

查看配置

R1#show ip igmp interface 

Ethernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up

  Internet address is 10.1.1.1/24

  IGMP is enabled on interface

  Current IGMP host version is 2

  Current IGMP router version is 2

  IGMP query interval is 60 seconds

  IGMP configured query interval is 60 seconds

  IGMP querier timeout is 120 seconds

  IGMP configured querier timeout is 120 seconds

  IGMP max query response time is 10 seconds

  Last member query count is 2

  Last member query response interval is 1000 ms

  Inbound IGMP access group is not set

  IGMP activity: 2 joins, 0 leaves

  Multicast routing is enabled on interface

  Multicast TTL threshold is 0

  Multicast designated router (DR) is 10.1.1.2  

  IGMP querying router is 10.1.1.1 (this system)

  Multicast groups joined by this system (number of users):

      224.0.1.40(1)

 R1#show ip igmp groups 

IGMP Connected Group Membership

Group Address    Interface                Uptime    Expires   Last Reporter   Group Accounted

224.1.1.1        Ethernet0/0              00:07:18  00:02:15  10.1.1.3        

224.0.1.40       Ethernet0/0              00:07:56  00:02:09  10.1.1.1   

R1#show ip igmp groups 

IGMP Connected Group Membership

Group Address     Interface                 Uptime     Expires   Last Reporter   Group Accounted

224.0.1.40       Ethernet0/0               00:10:56   00:02:16   10.1.1.1  

R3(config-if)#

*Jun 28 13:51:15.279: IGMP(0): IGMP delete group 224.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/2

*Jun 28 13:51:15.279: IGMP(0): Send Leave for 224.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/2

R1#

*Jun 28 13:51:14.639: IGMP(0): Received Leave from 10.1.1.3 (Ethernet0/0) for 224.1.1.1

*Jun 28 13:51:14.639: IGMP(0): Received Group record for group 224.1.1.1, mode 3 from 10.1.1.3 for 0 sources

*Jun 28 13:51:14.639: IGMP(0): Lower expiration timer to 2000 msec for 224.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0

*Jun 28 13:51:14.639: IGMP(0): Send v2 Query on Ethernet0/0 for group 224.1.1.1

*Jun 28 13:51:15.643: IGMP(0): Send v2 Query on Ethernet0/0 for group 224.1.1.1

R1#

*Jun 28 13:51:16.643: IGMP(0): Switching to INCLUDE mode for 224.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0

R1#show ip igmp groups 

IGMP Connected Group Membership

Group Address    Interface                Uptime    Expires   Last Reporter   Group Accounted

224.0.1.40       Ethernet0/0              00:10:56  00:02:16  10.1.1.1        

R1#

R1#

*Jun 28 13:52:02.191: IGMP(0): Send v2 general Query on Ethernet0/0

*Jun 28 13:52:02.191: IGMP(0): Set report delay time to 0.1 seconds for 224.0.1.40 on Ethernet0/0

*Jun 28 13:52:02.343: IGMP(0): Send v2 Report for 224.0.1.40 on Ethernet0/0

*Jun 28 13:52:02.343: IGMP(0): Received v2 Report on Ethernet0/0 from 10.1.1.1 for 224.0.1.40

*Jun 28 13:52:02.343: IGMP(0): Received Group record for group 224.0.1.40, mode 2 from 10.1.1.1 for 0 sources

*Jun 28 13:52:02.343: IGMP(0): Updating EXCLUDE group timer for 224.0.1.40

*Jun 28 13:52:02.343: IGMP(0): MRT Add/Update Ethernet0/0 for (*,224.0.1.40) by 0

R1#u all

All possible debugging has been turned off