Learning Python Part II 之 nonlocal语句

在下面的例子中taster返回函数nested，以备之后调用。对变量state的搜索符合通常的变量搜索规则。

>>> def tester(start):
...     state = start
...     def nested(label):
...         print(label, state)
...     return nested
... 
>>> F = tester(0)
>>> F('spam')
spam 0
>>> F('ham')
ham 0

默认情况下被嵌套的函数不能够对闭包函数内变量改变：

>>> def tester(start):
...     state = start
...     def nested(label):
...         print(label, state)
...         state += 1
...     return nested
... 
>>> F = tester(0)
>>> F('spam')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 4, in nested
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'state' referenced before assignment

使用nonlocal改变变量

>>> def tester(start):
...     state = start
...     def nested(label):
...         nonlocal state
...         print(label, state)
...         state += 1
...     return nested
... 
>>> F = tester(0)
>>> F('spam')
spam 0
>>> F('ham')    #state可以累加
ham 1
>>> F('eggs')
eggs 2

就像通常的闭包函数的引用，我们调用tester多少次就会在内存中有对少个state的拷贝。闭包作用域中的state对象是和函数返回的nested函数对象相捆绑的。每次调用就会产生一个完全不同的state对象，例如更新一个函数的state并不会影响另一个，下面的例子可以解释：

>>> G = tester(42)
>>> G('spam')
spam 42
>>> G('eggs')
eggs 43
>>> F('bacon')
bacon 3

边界情况

尽管nonlocal十分有用，但有一些情况必须事先知道。首先，不像global，nonlocal声明的变量必须事先赋值，否则会抛出错误：

>>> def tester(start):
...     def nested(label):
...         nonlocal state
...         state = 0
...         print(label, state)
...     return nested
... 
  File "<stdin>", line 3
SyntaxError: no binding for nonlocal 'state' found

>>> def tester(start):
...     def nested(label):
...         global state
...         state = 0
...         print(label, state)
...     return nested
... 
>>> F = tester(0)
>>> F('abc')
abc 0
>>> state
0

其次，nonlocal限制作用域只在闭包函数中寻找。nonlocal不会往上在模块的全局作用域或者函数之外的Python内置作用域：

>>> spam = 99
>>> def tester():
...     def nested():
...         nonlocal spam
...         print('Current=', spam)
...         spam += 1
...     return nested
... 
  File "<stdin>", line 3
SyntaxError: no binding for nonlocal 'spam' found