5高并发服务器：socket IPC



1. socket IPC

socket API原本是为网络通讯设计的，但后来在socket的框架上发展出一种IPC机制，就是UNIX Domain Socket。虽然网络socket也可用于同一台主机的进程间通讯（通过loopback地址127.0.0.1），但是UNIX Domain Socket用于IPC更有效率：不需要经过网络协议栈，不需要打包拆包、计算校验和、维护序号和应答等，只是将应用层数据从一个进程拷贝到另一个进程。这是因为，IPC机制本质上是可靠的通讯，而网络协议是为不可靠的通讯设计的。UNIX Domain Socket也提供面向流和面向数据包两种API接口，类似于TCP和UDP，但是面向消息的UNIX Domain Socket也是可靠的，消息既不会丢失也不会顺序错乱。

UNIX Domain Socket是全双工的，API接口语义丰富，相比其它IPC机制有明显的优越性，目前已成为使用最广泛的IPC机制，比如X Window服务器和GUI程序之间就是通过UNIX Domain Socket通讯的。

使用UNIX DomainSocket的过程和网络socket十分相似，也要先调用socket()创建一个socket文件描述符，address family指定为AF_UNIX，type可以选择SOCK_DGRAM或SOCK_STREAM，protocol参数仍然指定为0即可。

UNIX Domain Socket与网络socket编程最明显的不同在于地址格式不同，用结构体sockaddr_un表示，网络编程的socket地址是IP地址加端口号，而UNIX Domain Socket的地址是一个socket类型的文件在文件系统中的路径，这个socket文件由bind()调用创建，如果调用bind()时该文件已存在，则bind()错误返回。

   以下程序将UNIXDomain socket绑定到一个地址。

size =offsetof(struct sockaddr_un,sun_path) + strlen(un.sun_path);

offsetof查看第二个参数在前者内的偏移量

案例说明：

server.c

#include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stddef.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <sys/un.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <errno.h> #include <ctype.h>   #define QLEN 10 /*  * Create a server endpoint of a connection.  * Returns fd if all OK, <0 on error.  */ int serv_listen(const char *name) {    int fd, len, err, rval;    struct sockaddr_un un;    /* create a UNIX domain stream socket */    if ((fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)        return(-1);    unlink(name); /* in case it already exists */    /* fill in socket address structure */    memset(&un, 0, sizeof(un));    un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;    strcpy(un.sun_path, name);    len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(name);    /* bind the name to the descriptor */    if (bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len) < 0) {        rval = -2;        goto errout;    }    if (listen(fd, QLEN) < 0) { /* tell kernel we're a server */        rval = -3;        goto errout;    }    return(fd); errout:    err = errno;    close(fd);    errno = err;    return(rval); } int serv_accept(int listenfd, uid_t *uidptr) {    int clifd, len, err, rval;    time_t staletime;    struct sockaddr_un un;    struct stat statbuf;    len = sizeof(un);    if ((clifd = accept(listenfd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, &len)) < 0)        return(-1); /* often errno=EINTR, if signal caught */    /* obtain the client's uid from its calling address */    len -= offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path); /* len of pathname */    un.sun_path[len] = 0; /* null terminate */    if (stat(un.sun_path, &statbuf) < 0) {        rval = -2;        goto errout;    }    if (S_ISSOCK(statbuf.st_mode) == 0) {        rval = -3; /* not a socket */        goto errout;    }    if (uidptr != NULL)        *uidptr = statbuf.st_uid; /* return uid of caller */    unlink(un.sun_path); /* we're done with pathname now */    return(clifd); errout:    err = errno;    close(clifd);    errno = err;    return(rval); } int main(void) {    int lfd, cfd, n, i;    uid_t cuid;    char buf[1024];    lfd = serv_listen("foo.socket");    if (lfd < 0) {        switch (lfd) {            case -3:perror("listen"); break;            case -2:perror("bind"); break;            case -1:perror("socket"); break;        }        exit(-1);    }    cfd = serv_accept(lfd, &cuid);    if (cfd < 0) {        switch (cfd) {            case -3:perror("not a socket"); break;            case -2:perror("a bad filename"); break;            case -1:perror("accept"); break;        }        exit(-1);    }    while (1) { r_again:        n = read(cfd, buf, 1024);        if (n == -1) {            if (errno == EINTR)                goto r_again;        }        else if (n == 0) {            printf("the other side has been closed.\n");            break;        }        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)            buf[i] = toupper(buf[i]);        write(cfd, buf, n);    }    close(cfd);    close(lfd);    return 0; }

client.c

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stddef.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <sys/un.h> #include <errno.h> #define CLI_PATH "/var/tmp/" /* +5 for pid = 14 chars */ /*  * Create a client endpoint and connect to a server.  * Returns fd if all OK, <0 on error.  */ int cli_conn(const char *name) {    int fd, len, err, rval;    struct sockaddr_un un;    /* create a UNIX domain stream socket */    if ((fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)        return(-1);    /* fill socket address structure with our address */    memset(&un, 0, sizeof(un));    un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;    sprintf(un.sun_path, "%s%05d", CLI_PATH, getpid());    len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(un.sun_path);    unlink(un.sun_path); /* in case it already exists */    if (bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len) < 0) {        rval = -2;        goto errout;    }    /* fill socket address structure with server's address */    memset(&un, 0, sizeof(un));    un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;    strcpy(un.sun_path, name);    len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(name);    if (connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len) < 0) {        rval = -4;        goto errout;    }    return(fd); errout:    err = errno;    close(fd);    errno = err;    return(rval); } int main(void) {    int fd, n;    char buf[1024];    fd = cli_conn("foo.socket");    if (fd < 0) {        switch (fd) {            case -4:perror("connect"); break;            case -3:perror("listen"); break;            case -2:perror("bind"); break;            case -1:perror("socket"); break;        }        exit(-1);    }    while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin) != NULL) {        write(fd, buf, strlen(buf));        n = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));        write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n);    }    close(fd);    return 0; }