【工作记录】Lambda表达式学习总结

Lambda是什么

Lambda表达式是一种匿名函数,它可以在代码中被声明和传递,而不需要命名。Lambda表达式通常用于编写简洁的、非常具有可读性的代码,尤其是在函数式编程语言中。

一个Lambda表达式由参数列表、箭头符号和函数体组成。例如,(x, y) -> x + y 是一个接受两个参数的Lambda表达式,将它们相加并返回结果。

Lambda表达式可以被传递给其他函数作为参数,也可以被存储在变量中,以便之后使用。Lambda表达式通常与Java 8中的Stream API等函数式编程工具一起使用,以实现更具表现力的代码。

什么是函数式接口

函数式接口是指只有一个抽象方法的接口,它们通常被用作 Lambda 表达式的类型。Java 8 引入了函数式接口概念,并添加了 @FunctionalInterface 注解来标记一个接口为函数式接口,以便编译器检查该接口是否符合函数式接口的定义。函数式接口可以被用于创建 Lambda 表达式和方法引用等功能,并且在 Java 标准库中也提供了许多常用的函数式接口,如 ConsumerSupplierFunction 等。

Java8标准库中的函数式接口

在JDK中,常见的函数式接口分为四类,分别是

  • 消费型函数式接口 Consumer 常用于遍历 void accpet(T t)
  • 供给型函数式接口 Supplier 用于产生数据 T get()
  • 断言型函数式接口 Predicate 用于判断 boolean test(T t)
  • 函数型函数式接口 Function<T,R> 用于逻辑处理 R apply(T t)

Consumer接口

Consumer是一个消费型的接口,接收一个输入参数并且无返回的操作,即拿到某个数据时,进行消费,对该数据进行后续的一些操作。

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Consumer<T> {

    /**
     * Performs this operation on the given argument.
     *
     * @param t the input argument
     */
    void accept(T t);

    /**
     * Returns a composed {@code Consumer} that performs, in sequence, this
     * operation followed by the {@code after} operation. If performing either
     * operation throws an exception, it is relayed to the caller of the
     * composed operation.  If performing this operation throws an exception,
     * the {@code after} operation will not be performed.
     *
     * @param after the operation to perform after this operation
     * @return a composed {@code Consumer} that performs in sequence this
     * operation followed by the {@code after} operation
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code after} is null
     */
    default Consumer<T> andThen(Consumer<? super T> after) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(after);
        return (T t) -> { accept(t); after.accept(t); };
    }
    
}
  • java.util.function.Consumer<T>接口是消费一个数据,其数据类型由泛型决定。Consumer接口中包含抽象方法void accept(T t),意为消费一个指定泛型的数据。
  • Consumer接口是一个消费型接口,泛型执行什么类型,就可以使用accept方法消费什么类型的数据,至于具体怎么消费(使用),需要自定义实现等。

举个例子: 将手机号脱敏输出

public static void reverseStr(String sourceStr, Consumer<String> consumer) {
  consumer.accept(sourceStr);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    reverseStr("18828989098", str -> {
        String regx = "(\\d{3})\\d{4}(\\d{4})";
        str = str.replaceAll(regx, "$1****$2");
        System.out.println("转换后的结果:" + str);
    });
}

Supplier接口

Supplier是一个供给型接口,其中的get方法用于返回一个值;Supplier也有许多的变种,例如IntSupplierLongSupplierBooleanSupplier等。

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Supplier<T> {

    /**
     * Gets a result.
     *
     * @return a result
     */
    T get();
}
  • java.util.function.Supplier<T>接口仅包含一个无参的方法:T get()。用来获取一个泛型参数指定类型的对象数据。
  • Supplier<T>接口被称之为生产型接口,指定接口的泛型是什么类型,那么接口中的get方法就会生产什么类型的数据。

适用场景: 新建对象

举个例子: 新建一个用户对象

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Supplier<User> supplier = User::new;
    System.out.println(supplier.get().getUsername());
}

@Data
public class User {
    private String id = "123456";
    private String username = "泽济天下";
}

Predicate接口

Predicate接口对某种数据类型的数据进行判断,返回一个布尔值。

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Predicate<T> {

    /**
     * Evaluates this predicate on the given argument.
     *
     * @param t the input argument
     * @return {@code true} if the input argument matches the predicate,
     * otherwise {@code false}
     */
    boolean test(T t);

    /**
     * Returns a composed predicate that represents a short-circuiting logical
     * AND of this predicate and another.  When evaluating the composed
     * predicate, if this predicate is {@code false}, then the {@code other}
     * predicate is not evaluated.
     *
     * <p>Any exceptions thrown during evaluation of either predicate are relayed
     * to the caller; if evaluation of this predicate throws an exception, the
     * {@code other} predicate will not be evaluated.
     *
     * @param other a predicate that will be logically-ANDed with this
     *              predicate
     * @return a composed predicate that represents the short-circuiting logical
     * AND of this predicate and the {@code other} predicate
     * @throws NullPointerException if other is null
     */
    default Predicate<T> and(Predicate<? super T> other) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(other);
        return (t) -> test(t) && other.test(t);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a predicate that represents the logical negation of this
     * predicate.
     *
     * @return a predicate that represents the logical negation of this
     * predicate
     */
    default Predicate<T> negate() {
        return (t) -> !test(t);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a composed predicate that represents a short-circuiting logical
     * OR of this predicate and another.  When evaluating the composed
     * predicate, if this predicate is {@code true}, then the {@code other}
     * predicate is not evaluated.
     *
     * <p>Any exceptions thrown during evaluation of either predicate are relayed
     * to the caller; if evaluation of this predicate throws an exception, the
     * {@code other} predicate will not be evaluated.
     *
     * @param other a predicate that will be logically-ORed with this
     *              predicate
     * @return a composed predicate that represents the short-circuiting logical
     * OR of this predicate and the {@code other} predicate
     * @throws NullPointerException if other is null
     */
    default Predicate<T> or(Predicate<? super T> other) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(other);
        return (t) -> test(t) || other.test(t);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a predicate that tests if two arguments are equal according
     * to {@link Objects#equals(Object, Object)}.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of arguments to the predicate
     * @param targetRef the object reference with which to compare for equality,
     *               which may be {@code null}
     * @return a predicate that tests if two arguments are equal according
     * to {@link Objects#equals(Object, Object)}
     */
    static <T> Predicate<T> isEqual(Object targetRef) {
        return (null == targetRef)
                ? Objects::isNull
                : object -> targetRef.equals(object);
    }
}
  • java.util.function.Predicate接口 作用:对某种数据类型的数据进行判断,结果返回一个boolean值。
  • Predicate接口中包含一个抽象方法:boolean test(T t):用来对指定数据类型数据进行判断的方法;结果符合条件返回true,否则返回false。

举个例子: 判断字符串长度是否为11

public static void main(String[] args) {
   Predicate<String> predicate = str -> str.length() == 11;
   boolean test = predicate.test("123");
   System.out.println("test = " + test);  
}

Function接口

Function是一个功能型的接口,用于将一种类型的数据转化为另外一种类型的数据。比如我们常见的list转map就用的是Fuction接口。

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Function<T, R> {

    /**
     * Applies this function to the given argument.
     *
     * @param t the function argument
     * @return the function result
     */
    R apply(T t);

    /**
     * Returns a composed function that first applies the {@code before}
     * function to its input, and then applies this function to the result.
     * If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to
     * the caller of the composed function.
     *
     * @param <V> the type of input to the {@code before} function, and to the
     *           composed function
     * @param before the function to apply before this function is applied
     * @return a composed function that first applies the {@code before}
     * function and then applies this function
     * @throws NullPointerException if before is null
     *
     * @see #andThen(Function)
     */
    default <V> Function<V, R> compose(Function<? super V, ? extends T> before) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(before);
        return (V v) -> apply(before.apply(v));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a composed function that first applies this function to
     * its input, and then applies the {@code after} function to the result.
     * If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to
     * the caller of the composed function.
     *
     * @param <V> the type of output of the {@code after} function, and of the
     *           composed function
     * @param after the function to apply after this function is applied
     * @return a composed function that first applies this function and then
     * applies the {@code after} function
     * @throws NullPointerException if after is null
     *
     * @see #compose(Function)
     */
    default <V> Function<T, V> andThen(Function<? super R, ? extends V> after) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(after);
        return (T t) -> after.apply(apply(t));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a function that always returns its input argument.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the input and output objects to the function
     * @return a function that always returns its input argument
     */
    static <T> Function<T, T> identity() {
        return t -> t;
    }
}

举个例子: 手机号脱敏后返回

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Function<String, String> func = str -> {
        if(str.length() == 11) {
            String regx = "(\\d{3})\\d{4}(\\d{4})";
            return str.replaceAll(regx, "$1****$2");
        };
        return "不符合规则";
    };

    String apply = func.apply("1882898090222");
    System.out.println("转换后的数据 = " + apply);
}

除了上面提到的四个函数式接口外,标准库还提供了一系列Bi开头的同类接口,用于接受或者返回多个参数。

BiConsumer接口

BiConsumer<T, U>接口是一个函数接口,该接口声明了accept方法,并无返回值,该函数接口主要用来声明一些预期操作。
其中还有一个andThen方法,该方法接受一个BiConsumer,返回一个组合的BiConsumer,并且按照顺序执行操作。如果执行任一操作抛出异常,则将其传递给组合操作的调用者。 如果执行此操作抛出异常,将不执行后操作(after)。

public class MainTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("------BiPredicate------");
        BiPredicate<String,String> biPredicate = (x,y)-> x.equals(y);
        BiPredicate<String,String> biPredicate1 = (x,y)-> (x+"2").equals(y);
        System.out.println("False>>>>>:"+biPredicate.test("a","b"));
        System.out.println("True>>>>>:"+biPredicate.test("a","a"));
        //biPredicate和biPredicate1是否同时满足
        System.out.println("and >>>>>:"+biPredicate.and(biPredicate1).test("xxx","xxx2"));
        //negate表示非运算,类似"!"
        System.out.println("negate >>>>>:"+biPredicate.negate().test("a","a"));
        System.out.println("negate >>>>>:"+biPredicate.negate().test("a","c"));
        //or或者
        System.out.println("or >>>>>:"+biPredicate.or(biPredicate1).test("xxx","xxx2"));
        System.out.println("or >>>>>:"+biPredicate.or(biPredicate1).test("xxx","xx"));
        System.out.println("------BiPredicate------");
    }
}

输出内容为:

------BiConsumer------
JACK--------------JAVA8
biConsumer2--------------JAVA8
biConsumer2>>>>>>>>JAVA8
------BiConsumer------

BiFunction接口

BiFunction<T, U, R>接口是一个函数接口,声明了apply方法,有返回值R.其中包含一个default的andThen(Function<? super R, ? extends V> after),接受一个Function方法,返回一个结果。

public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println("------BiFunction------");
    BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer>    = (x, y)-> {return  x+y;};
    int result =  biFunction.apply(1,2);
    System.out.println("result:"+result);
    Function<Integer,Integer> function = (x)->{return (x*5);};
    System.out.println("andThen:"+biFunction.andThen(function).apply(8,9));
    System.out.println("------BiFunction------");
}

输出结果:

------BiFunction------
result:3
andThen:85
------BiFunction------

上面的result:3是很容易理解的,就是1+2,也就是执行了biFunction,下面输出的85,则是先执行了biFunction.apply(8,9),然后在执行的自定义的function函数。最后计算公式也就是(8+9*5=85。

BinaryOperator接口

代表了一个作用于于两个同类型操作符的操作,并且返回了操作符同类型的结果。他继承了BiFunction,因此可以使用BiFunction中的方法。

public class MainTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("------BinaryOperator------");
        BinaryOperator<Integer> binaryOperator = (x,y)->x*y;
        System.out.println("BinaryOperator:"+binaryOperator.apply(3,8));
        Function<Integer,Integer> function1 = (x)->x*8;
        System.out.println("BinaryOperator andThen:" + binaryOperator.andThen(function1).apply(8,10));
        BinaryOperator<Integer> bi = BinaryOperator.maxBy(Comparator.naturalOrder());
        System.out.println("BinaryOperator maxBy:" + (bi.apply(100,99)));
        System.out.println("------BinaryOperator------");
    }
}

输出结果:

------BinaryOperator------
BinaryOperator:24
BinaryOperator andThen:640
BinaryOperator maxBy:100
------BinaryOperator------

BiPredicate接口

代表了一个两个参数的boolean值方法。该接口是一个逻辑运算的函数接口;里面包含了比较方法boolean test(T t, U u),逻辑与方法and(BiPredicate<? super T, ? super U> other),逻辑非方法negate(),以及逻辑或方法or(BiPredicate<? super T, ? super U> other)。
test(T t, U u) :判断参数是否满足条件。
and(BiPredicate<? super T, ? super U> other):同时满足。
negate():非运算,类似“!”.
or(BiPredicate<? super T, ? super U> other):或运算。

public class MainTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("------BiPredicate------");
        BiPredicate<String,String> biPredicate = (x,y)-> x.equals(y);
        BiPredicate<String,String> biPredicate1 = (x,y)-> (x+"2").equals(y);
        System.out.println("False>>>>>:"+biPredicate.test("a","b"));
        System.out.println("True>>>>>:"+biPredicate.test("a","a"));
        //biPredicate和biPredicate1是否同时满足
        System.out.println("and >>>>>:"+biPredicate.and(biPredicate1).test("xxx","xxx2"));
        //negate表示非运算,类似"!"
        System.out.println("negate >>>>>:"+biPredicate.negate().test("a","a"));
        System.out.println("negate >>>>>:"+biPredicate.negate().test("a","c"));
        //or或者
        System.out.println("or >>>>>:"+biPredicate.or(biPredicate1).test("xxx","xxx2"));
        System.out.println("or >>>>>:"+biPredicate.or(biPredicate1).test("xxx","xx"));
        System.out.println("------BiPredicate------");
    }
}

输出结果:

------BiPredicate------
False>>>>>:false
True>>>>>:true
and >>>>>:false
negate >>>>>:false
negate >>>>>:true
or >>>>>:true
or >>>>>:false
------BiPredicate------

BooleanSupplier接口

代表了boolean值结果的提供方,用于接收Lambda表达式所返回的boolean值结果。

public class MainTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("------BooleanSupplier------");
        BooleanSupplier booleanSupplier = ()->true;
        System.out.println(" booleanSupplier :" + booleanSupplier.getAsBoolean());
        int x=2;
        int y=3;
        BooleanSupplier booleanSupplier1 = ()->x>y;
        System.out.println(" booleanSupplier1 :" + booleanSupplier1.getAsBoolean());
        System.out.println("------BooleanSupplier------");
    }
}  

输出结果:

------BooleanSupplier------
booleanSupplier :true
booleanSupplier1 :false
------BooleanSupplier------

Java8中的Stream流以及流式编程

Stream将要处理的元素集合看作一种流,在流的过程中,借助Stream API对流中的元素进行操作,比如:筛选、排序、聚合等。

对于Java语言,我们最常用的面向对象编程都属于命令式编程。在Java8的时候,引入了函数式编程。

Java8前,对集合进行处理、排序、对集合多次操作、对集合进行处理后,返回一些符合要求的特定的集合等,都比较麻烦。我们通常需要对集合进行遍历处理,写许多冗余代码。所以Java8引入了基于流式编程的Stream对集合进行一系列的操作。

Stream不是集合元素,也不是数据结构,它相当于一个高级版本的Iterator,不可以重复遍历里面的数据,像水一样,流过了就一去不复返。它和普通的Iterator不同的是,它可以并行遍历,普通的Iterator只能是串行,在一个线程中执行。

Stream它并不是一个容器,它只是对容器的功能进行了增强,添加了很多便利的操作,例如查找、过滤、分组、排序等一系列的操作。并且有串行、并行两种执行模式,并行模式充分的利用了多核处理器的优势,使用fork/join框架进行了任务拆分,同时提高了执行速度。简而言之,Stream就是提供了一种高效且易于使用的处理数据的方式。

串行流操作在一个线程中依次完成;并行流在多个线程中完成。

常见场景

创建Stream

创建Stream主要有以下几种方法;

  • 通过 java.util.Collection.stream() 方法用集合创建流
ArrayList<String> arrayList = CollUtil.toList("aaa", "bbb", "ccc");
Stream<String> stream = arrayList.stream(); // 创建一个顺序流
Stream<String> stringStream = arrayList.parallelStream(); // 创建一个并行流
  • 使用java.util.Arrays.stream(T[] array)方法用数组创建流
int[] array = {1,2,3,7,9,13};
IntStream stream = Arrays.stream(array);
  • 使用Stream的静态方法创建:of()、iterate()、generate()
Stream<Integer> stream = Stream.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);

Stream<Integer> stream2 = Stream.iterate(0, (x) -> x + 3).limit(4);
stream2.forEach(System.out::println);

Stream<Double> stream3 = Stream.generate(Math::random).limit(3);
stream3.forEach(System.out::println);

collect(Collectors.toList())

collect(Collectors.toList())是将流转换为List

List<Student> studentList = Stream.of(
    new Student("20220210", "贾玲", 12, "陕西省西安市"),
    new Student("20220211", "李四", 13, "江苏省南京市"),
    new Student("20220212", "李红", 12, "河北省石家庄市"))
    .collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("studentList = " + studentList);

结果:

studentList = [Student(id=20220210, name=贾玲, age=12, address=江苏省陕西省西安市市), Student(id=20220211, name=李四, age=13, address=江苏省南京市), Student(id=20220212, name=李红, age=12, address=河北省石家庄市)]

除此之外,还有.collect(Collectors.toSet()).collect(Collectors.toMap(Student::getId, Function.identity()))等。

Set<Student> studentSet = Stream.of(
      new Student("20220210", "贾玲", 12, "陕西省西安市"),
      new Student("20220211", "李四", 13, "江苏省南京市"),
      new Student("20220212", "李红", 12, "河北省石家庄市"))
    .collect(Collectors.toSet());
System.out.println("studentSet = " + studentSet);

结果:

studentSet = [Student(id=20220210, name=贾玲, age=12, address=陕西省西安市), Student(id=20220211, name=李四, age=13, address=江苏省南京市), Student(id=20220212, name=李红, age=12, address=河北省石家庄市)]

Map<String, Student> studentMap = Stream.of(
      new Student("20220210", "贾玲", 12, "陕西省西安市"),
      new Student("20220211", "李四", 13, "江苏省南京市"),
      new Student("20220212", "李红", 12, "河北省石家庄市"))
    .collect(Collectors.toMap(Student::getId, Function.identity()));
System.out.println("studentMap = " + studentMap);

结果:

studentMap = {20220210=Student(id=20220210, name=贾玲, age=12, address=陕西省西安市), 20220211=Student(id=20220211, name=李四, age=13, address=江苏省南京市), 20220212=Student(id=20220212, name=贾玲, age=12, address=河北省石家庄市)}

以下是使用的测试实体类Student:

Student类

@Data
@ToString
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Student implements Serializable {
   private String id;
   private String name;
   private int age;
   private String address;
}
List<Student> studentArrayList = new ArrayList<>();
studentArrayList.add(new Student("20220210", "贾玲", 12, "陕西省西安市"));
studentArrayList.add(new Student("20220211", "李四", 13, "江苏省南京市"));
studentArrayList.add(new Student("20220212", "李红", 12, "河北省石家庄市"));

筛选filter

示例:筛选学生年龄小于13岁的学生数据

List<Student> studentList = studentArrayList.stream().filter(item -> item.getAge() < 13).collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("studentList = " + studentList);

输出:

studentList = [Student(id=20220210, name=贾玲, age=12, address=江苏省苏州市), Student(id=20220212, name=李红, age=12, address=安徽省合肥市)]

转换map

示例:输出所有学生的姓名信息

List<String> nameList = studentArrayList.stream().map(item->item.getName()).collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("nameList = " + nameList);

输出:

nameList = [贾玲, 李四, 李红]

最大值max、最小值min

示例:输出所有学生信息中年龄最大以及年龄最小的学生信息

Optional<Student> ageMax = studentArrayList.stream().max(Comparator.comparing(item -> item.getAge()));
// 使用isPresent方法判断是否有值,否则遇到null是直接get()操作引发异常
if (ageMax.isPresent()) {
 Student student = ageMax.get();
 System.out.println("student = " + student);
}
Optional<Student> ageMin = studentArrayList.stream().min(Comparator.comparing(item -> item.getAge()));
// 使用isPresent方法判断是否有值,否则遇到null是直接get()操作引发异常
if (ageMax.isPresent()) {
 Student student = ageMin.get();
 System.out.println("student = " + student);
}

输出:

student = Student(id=20220211, name=李四, age=13, address=江苏省南京市) student = Student(id=20220210, name=贾玲, age=12, address=江苏省苏州市)

统计count

示例:统计所有学生中年龄小于13岁的人数

long count = studentArrayList.stream().filter(item -> item.getAge() < 13).count();
System.out.println("count = " + count);

输出:

count = 2

接合joining

joining可以将stream中的元素用特定的连接符(没有的话,则直接连接)连接成一个字符串。

示例:将所有学生的姓名输出,并用,作分隔符

String collect = studentArrayList.stream().map(item -> item.getName()).collect(Collectors.joining(","));
System.out.println("collect = " + collect);

输出:

collect = 贾玲,李四,李红

分组groupingBy

示例:将所有学生信息按性别分组

Map<Integer, List<Student>> collect = studentArrayList.stream().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Student::getAge));
System.out.println("collect = " + collect);

输出:

collect = {12=[Student(id=20220210, name=贾玲, age=12, address=江苏省苏州市), Student(id=20220212, name=李红, age=12, address=安徽省合肥市)], 13=[Student(id=20220211, name=李四, age=13, address=江苏省南京市)]}

流的合并concat、去重distinct、限制limit、跳过skip

示例:将两个stream进行合并,并作去重处理

Stream<String> stream1 = CollUtil.toList("aa", "bb", "cc", "dd").stream();
Stream<String> stream2 = CollUtil.toList("bb", "cc", "ee", "ff").stream();
List<String> stringList = Stream.concat(stream1, stream2).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("stringList = " + stringList);

输出:

stringList = [aa, bb, cc, dd, ee, ff]

示例:从1开始,输出前10个奇数值

List<Integer> collect = Stream.iterate(1, x -> x + 2).limit(10).collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("collect = " + collect);

输出:

collect = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19]

示例:从1开始,跳过前2个元素,输出前6个奇数元素

List<Integer> collect = Stream.iterate(1, x -> x + 2).skip(2).limit(6).collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("collect = " + collect);

输出:

collect = [5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15]

总结

本文主要总结了Java8提供的函数式接口以及流式编程常见场景。

针对以上内容有任何疑问或者建议欢迎留言~

创作不易,欢迎一键三连~~~

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