实操 Web Cache

实操 Web Cache
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写这篇文章的原因，是我看到网上很多谈这类的文章，多是人云亦云，不求实事，误导读者。

下面文中我会一个一个做实验，并展示给你，说明为什么会这样。只有自己亲自尝试才能拿出有说服力的真凭实据。

目录

1. 测试环境

2. 文件修改日期 If-Modified-Since / Last-Modified

2.1. 静态文件

2.1.1. if_modified_since

2.2. 通过rewrite伪静态处理

2.3. 动态文件

3. ETag / If-None-Match

3.1. 静态文件

3.2. 动态程序

4. Expires / Cache-Control

4.1. 静态文件

4.2. 动态文件

5. FastCGI 缓存相关

6. HTML META 与 Cache

7. gzip

7.1. gzip 总结

8. 反向代理与缓存

8.1. gzip 处理

9. 特殊数据缓存

9.1. json

9.2. XML

10. 总结

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1. 测试环境

CentOS 6.5

Nginx安装脚本 https://github.com/oscm/shell/blob/master/nginx/nginx.sh

php安装脚本 https://github.com/oscm/shell/blob/master/php/5.5.8.sh

2. 文件修改日期 If-Modified-Since / Last-Modified

If-Modified-Since 小于 Last-Modified 返回 HTTP/1.1 200 OK, 否则返回 HTTP/1.0 304 Not Modified

每次浏览器请求文件会携带 If-Modified-Since 头，将当前时间发送给服务器，与服务器的Last-Modified时间对对比，如果大于Last-Modified时间，返回HTTP/1.0 304 Not Modified不会重新打开文件，否则重新读取文件并返回内容

2.1. 静态文件

nginx/1.0.15 静态文件自动产生 Last-Modified 头

# nginx -v
nginx version: nginx/1.0.15

# curl -I http://192.168.6.9/index.html
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.0.15
Date: Thu, 27 Feb 2014 07:36:03 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 6
Last-Modified: Thu, 27 Feb 2014 07:29:50 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
Accept-Ranges: bytes
			

图片文件

# curl -I http://192.168.6.9/image.png
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.0.15
Date: Thu, 27 Feb 2014 07:37:18 GMT
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Length: 41516
Last-Modified: Thu, 27 Feb 2014 07:36:59 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
Accept-Ranges: bytes
			

提示
疑问 nginx/1.4.5 默认没有 Last-Modified
# nginx -v nginx version: nginx/1.4.5 # curl -I http://192.168.2.15/index.html HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.4.5 Date: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 02:13:44 GMT Content-Type: text/html Connection: keep-alive 
经过一番周折最终找到答案 Nginx 如果开启 ssi 会禁用Last-Modified 关闭 ssi 后输出如下
# curl -I http://localhost/index.html HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.4.5 Date: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 05:44:29 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 6 Last-Modified: Wed, 25 Dec 2013 03:18:16 GMT Connection: keep-alive ETag: "52ba4e78-6" Accept-Ranges: bytes 

再测试一次

# curl -H "If-Modified-Since: Fir, 28 Feb 2014 07:42:55 GMT" -I http://192.168.2.15/test.html
HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified
Server: nginx/1.4.5
Date: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 02:34:54 GMT
Last-Modified: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 01:55:50 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "530feca6-8b"
			

测试结果成功返回 HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified， 但又莫名其妙的出现了 ETag。 这就是Nignx本版差异，非常混乱。

既然出现了ETag我们也顺便测试一下

# curl -H 'If-None-Match: "530feca6-8b"' -I http://192.168.2.15/test.html
HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified
Server: nginx/1.4.5
Date: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 02:39:18 GMT
Last-Modified: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 01:55:50 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "530feca6-8b"
			

也是成功的

测试图片

# curl -I http://localhost/logo.jpg
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.4.5
Date: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 02:59:04 GMT
Content-Type: image/jpeg
Content-Length: 10103
Last-Modified: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 02:56:37 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "530ffae5-2777"
Accept-Ranges: bytes


# curl -H 'If-None-Match: "530ffae5-2777"' -I http://localhost/logo.jpg
HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified
Server: nginx/1.4.5
Date: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 03:03:33 GMT
Last-Modified: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 02:56:37 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "530ffae5-2777"

# curl -H "If-Modified-Since: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 12:04:18 GMT" -I http://localhost/logo.jpg
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.4.5
Date: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 03:04:45 GMT
Content-Type: image/jpeg
Content-Length: 10103
Last-Modified: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 02:56:37 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "530ffae5-2777"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
			

测试结果，ETag通过测试，If-Modified-Since无论如何也无法返回 304 可能还需要其他的HTTP头，浏览器测试都通过返回 HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified

现在换成浏览器测试 Chrome Firefox成功， 因为浏览器不会主动发送If-Modified-Since, 浏览器只有发现Last-Modified后，第二次请求才会推送 If-Modified-Since 需要刷新两次页面。

2.1.1. if_modified_since

在开启ssi的情况下，通过参数 if_modified_since 可以开启 Last-Modified

server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  192.168.2.15;
    if_modified_since before;
}
				

测试结果看不到 Last-Modified, 因为 Nginx 的 if_modified_since before;参数只有接收到浏览器发过来的If-Modified-Since头才会发送Last-Modified

# curl -I http://192.168.2.15/test.html
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.4.5
Date: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 02:39:42 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Connection: keep-alive
				

最终 if_modified_since before; 数没有起到作用

参数设置为 if_modified_since exact;

# curl -I http://192.168.2.15/test.html
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.4.5
Date: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 02:45:40 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Connection: keep-alive

# curl -H 'If-None-Match: "530feca6-8b"' -I http://192.168.2.15/test.html
HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified
Server: nginx/1.4.5
Date: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 02:45:44 GMT
Last-Modified: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 01:55:50 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "530feca6-8b"

# curl -H "If-Modified-Since: Fir, 28 Feb 2014 07:42:55 GMT" -I http://192.168.2.15/test.html
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.4.5
Date: Fri, 28 Feb 2014 02:45:50 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Connection: keep-alive
				

测试失败，浏览器也是实测失败，ETag却成功

2.2. 通过rewrite伪静态处理

index.php仍然是上面的那个php文件，我们只是做了伪静态</