Python 面向对象编程 OOP 05--类、实例和其他对象的内建函数

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已于 2024-04-17 17:12:00 修改

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分类专栏： # Python 面向对象编程文章标签： python 其他开发语言

于 2022-01-05 15:31:47 首次发布

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目录

1. issubclass() 布尔函数，判断一个类是另外一个类的子类或者子孙类

2. isinstance() 布尔函数，判断一个对象是某个类的实例

3. hasattr()、getattr()、setattr()、delattr() 自省/反射函数，动态执行

3.1 对类进行相关操作

3.2 对实例进行相关操作

3.2.1 不受限制的使用

3.2.2 使用 __slots__ 进行限制

其他文章：

Python 面向对象编程 OOP--01--类和实例的基本概念

Python 面向对象编程 OOP--02--类中的单下划线和双下划线 5 种情况

 Python 面向对象编程 OOP--03--类的组合和派生

Python 面向对象编程 OOP--04--多重继承和方法解释顺序 MRO

Python 面向对象编程 OOP 05--类、实例和其他对象的内建函数

Python 面向对象编程 OOP--06--super() 是一个描述器类

先准备代码，就着代码讲用法，就好像一边烤肉一边吃一样，很香。

class Man():
    '''
    This class is used to describle human!
    '''
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age
        self.love="self"
    
    def work(self):
        print("Now a man is working")

class Teacher(Man):
    '''
    This class is used to describle worker!
    '''
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        # 调用父类的初始化方法 __init__
        super().__init__(name,age)
        self.love="Students"

    #重新定义 work 方法，这是派生
    def work(self):
        print("Now a teacher is teaching!")

class Singer(Man):
    '''
    This class is used to describle singer!
    '''
    def __init__(self,name,age,country):
        # 调用父类的初始化方法 __init__
        super().__init__(name,age)
        self.country=country
        self.love="Song"

    #重新定义 work 方法，这是派生
    def work(self,song):
        print("Now a singer is singing "+song+" !")
        
class SingerTeacher(Singer,Teacher):
    '''
    This class is used to describle singer  tearcher!
    '''
    #重新定义 work 方法，这是派生
    def work(self,song):
        print("Now a singer  tearcher is working !")
        
allen=SingerTeacher("allen",20,"China")

1. issubclass() 布尔函数，判断一个类是另外一个类的子类或者子孙类

print("SingerTeacher is a subclass of Singer?",issubclass(SingerTeacher,Singer))
print("SingerTeacher is a subclass of Teacher?",issubclass(SingerTeacher,Teacher))
print("SingerTeacher is a subclass of Man?",issubclass(SingerTeacher,Man))
print("Teacher is a subclass of Singer?",issubclass(Teacher,Singer))

2. isinstance() 布尔函数，判断一个对象是某个类的实例

print("allen is a instance of SingerTeacher?",isinstance(allen,SingerTeacher))
print("allen is a instance of Singer?",isinstance(allen,Singer))
print("allen is a instance of Teacher?",isinstance(allen,Teacher))
print("allen is a instance of Man?",isinstance(allen,Man))
print("0 is a instance of Man?",isinstance(0,Man))

3. hasattr()、getattr()、setattr()、delattr() 自省/反射函数，动态执行

3.1 对类进行相关操作

# 对类 进行操作
# hasattr()、getattr()、setattr()、delattr() 
print("1.SingerTeacher has attribute age?",hasattr(SingerTeacher,"age"))
try:
    print("2.SingerTeacher get attribute love?",getattr(SingerTeacher,"love"))
except AttributeError:
    print("2.SingerTeacher donot hvae attribute love")
    print("2.love 是实例属性，不是类属性")
try:
    print("3.Singer get attribute love?",getattr(Singer,"love"))
except AttributeError:
    print("3.Singer donot hvae attribute love")
    print("3.love 是实例属性，不是类属性")
print("4.SingerTeacher set new attribute comment?",setattr(SingerTeacher,'comment','This class is for who can sing and teach!'))
print("5.SingerTeacher get attribute comment==>",getattr(SingerTeacher,"comment"))
print("6.SingerTeacher delete attribute comment==>",delattr(SingerTeacher,"comment"))
print("7.SingerTeacher has attribute comment?",hasattr(SingerTeacher,"comment"))

3.2 对实例进行相关操作

3.2.1 不受限制的使用

# 对实例进行操作
# hasattr()、getattr()、setattr()、delattr() 
print("1.allen has attribute age?",hasattr(allen,"age"))
try:
    print("2.allen get attribute love?",getattr(allen,"love"))
    print("2.love 是实例属性，不是类属性")
except AttributeError:
    print("2.allen donot hvae attribute love")
try:
    print("3.allen get attribute love?",getattr(allen,"love"))
    print("3.love 是实例属性，不是类属性")
except AttributeError:
    print("3.allen donot hvae attribute love")
print("4.allen set new attribute comment?",setattr(allen,'comment','This class is for who can sing and teach!'))
print("5.allen get attribute comment==>",getattr(allen,"comment"))
print("6.allen delete attribute comment==>",delattr(allen,"comment"))
print("7.allen has attribute comment?",hasattr(allen,"comment"))

3.2.2 使用 slots 进行限制

__slots__ 是一个类变量，由一序列型对象组成，由所有合法标识组成的实例属性的集合来表示。它可以是一个列表，元组或者可迭代对象，也可以是标识实例能拥有的唯一的属性的简单字符串。

任何企图创建一个不在 __slots__ 中的名字的实例属性，都将导致 AttributeError 异常。

class Man(object):
    '''
    This class is used to describle human!
    '''
    __slots__=("name","age","skin")
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age
    
    def work(self):
        print("Now a man is working")
allen=Man("allen",20)
allen.color="Black"