十个简单的Python类的例子

十个简单的Python类的例子
涵盖了基本的类概念、实例属性、方法及一些高级应用。
内容从浅入深。

例子 1：定义一个简单的类

class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def bark(self):
        return "Woof!"

# 使用类
my_dog = Dog("Buddy")
print(my_dog.name)  # 输出: Buddy
print(my_dog.bark())  # 输出: Woof!

例子 2：类属性和实例属性

class Car:
    wheels = 4    # 类属性，所有实例共享

    def __init__(self, color):
        self.color = color  # 实例属性，每个实例独有

# 使用类
my_car = Car("red")
print(my_car.wheels)  # 输出: 4
print(my_car.color)   # 输出: red

例子 3：私有属性和命名风格

class Account:
    def __init__(self, owner, amount):
        self.owner = owner
        self.__amount = amount   # 私有属性

    def show_balance(self):
        return f"{self.owner} has ${self.__amount} in the account."

# 使用类
account = Account("John", 500)
print(account.show_balance())  # John has $500 in the account.

例子 4：类方法和静态方法

class Circle:
    pi = 3.14  # 类属性

    def __init__(self, radius):
        self.radius = radius

    @classmethod
    def from_diameter(cls, diameter):
        return cls(diameter / 2)

    @staticmethod
    def is_valid_radius(radius):
        return radius > 0

# 使用类
circle = Circle.from_diameter(10)
print(circle.radius)  # 输出: 5.0
print(Circle.is_valid_radius(5))  # 输出: True

例子 5：继承

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        return "Some sound"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Meow"

# 使用类
my_cat = Cat()
print(my_cat.speak())  # 输出: Meow

例子 6：多态和抽象类

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def speak(self):
        pass

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Woof!"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Meow"

# 使用类
animals = [Dog(), Cat()]
for animal in animals:
    print(animal.speak())  # 输出: Woof! 和 Meow!

例子 7：属性装饰器

class Celsius:
    def __init__(self, temperature=0):
        self._temperature = temperature

    @property
    def temperature(self):
        return self._temperature

    @temperature.setter
    def temperature(self, value):
        if value < -273.15:
            raise ValueError("Temperature below -273.15 is not possible")
        self._temperature = value

# 使用类
weather = Celsius()
weather.temperature = 25
print(weather.temperature)  # 输出: 25
try:
    weather.temperature = -300
except ValueError as e:
    print(e)  # 输出: Temperature below -273.15 is not possible

例子 8：重载运算符

class Vector:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def __add__(self, other):
        return Vector(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

    def __str__(self):
        return f"Vector({self.x}, {self.y})"

# 使用类
v1 = Vector(2, 4)
v2 = Vector(1, 3)
print(v1 + v2)  # 输出: Vector(3, 7)

例子 9：多重继承

class Engine:
    def start(self):
        return "Engine starting"

class Camera:
    def click(self):
        return "Clicking photo"

class Phone(Engine, Camera):
    def make_call(self):
        return "Making call"

# 使用类
smartphone = Phone()
print(smartphone.start())  # 输出: Engine starting
print(smartphone.click())  # 输出: Clicking photo

例子 10：复合

class Engine:
    def start(self):
        return "Engine has been started"

class Car:
    def __init__(self):
        self.engine = Engine()

    def start(self):
        return self.engine.start()

# 使用类
my_car = Car()
print(my_car.start())  # 输出: Engine has been started