在微软的DirectX Sample Browser中，有个RaycastTerrain例子，做得很好，将一张平面的地形图，在底面添加了一个底部，四周的高度差再封闭起来，然后再添加一个浅蓝色的背景，平面图形的立体感很强，而且灯光和阴影的效果也做得很棒！
这个例子是基于C++的，这里模仿这个例子，给出一个基于C#的实现。思路也大致类似，找一张bmp格式的深度图，经过像素值的计算处理，生成Y轴方向的高度值，再经过纹理贴图，形成一个底部为空的三维立体图形。此时为了增强上述的立体效果，可以在底面添加一个底部，这里为了加快渲染的速度，底部做成一四边形，用两个三角形渲染，四边形的顶点可以参考bmp深度图的四个角的顶点坐标。对于底部的高度的选取，即Y轴方向的高度值的选取，可以选在bmp深度图Y最小坐标值或者Y最小坐标值的下方，所以需要计算出这个Y最小坐标值。因此定义如下函数，求bmp深度图Y最小坐标值：
public float GetMinHeight(string bitmapPath)
{
float minHeight = 65535.0f;
Bitmap bitmap = new Bitmap(bitmapPath);
xCount = (bitmap.Width - 1) / 2;
yCount = (bitmap.Height - 1) / 2;
cellWidth = bitmap.Width / xCount;
cellHeight = bitmap.Height / yCount;
for(int i=0;i<yCount+1;i++)
for(int j=0;j<xCount+1;j++)
{
Color color = bitmap.GetPixel((int)(j * cellWidth), (int)(i * cellHeight));
float height = float.Parse(color.R.ToString()) +
float.Parse(color.G.ToString()) + float.Parse(color.B.ToString());
height /= 10;
if (height < minHeight)
minHeight = height;
}
return minHeight;
}
为了增加底部的显示效果，可以通过贴图来完成。为了增加实时渲染的效果，可以在OnCreateDevice中响应底部三角形顶点定义函数。底部2个三角形的顶点定义函数实现如下：
public void OnCreateBottomVertexBuffer(object sender,EventArgs e)
{
CustomVertex.PositionNormalTextured[] bottomVerts = (CustomVertex.PositionNormalTextured[])bottomVertexBuffer.Lock(0, 0);//绘制底面正方形的6个顶点
string bitmapPath = @"F:\\workdir\\VC# Based DirectX\\height.BMP";
float minHeight = GetMinHeight(bitmapPath);
float xWidth = GetBitMapWidth(bitmapPath);
float yHeight = GetBitMapHeight(bitmapPath);
bottomVerts[0].Position = new Vector3(0.0f, minHeight-5.0f, 0.0f);
bottomVerts[0].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
bottomVerts[0].Tu = 0.0f;//顶点0纹理坐标Tu
bottomVerts[0].Tv = 20.0f;//纹理图片沿Y轴方向重复贴图20次
bottomVerts[1].Position = new Vector3(0.0f, minHeight - 5.0f, yHeight);
bottomVerts[1].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
bottomVerts[1].Tu = 0.0f;
bottomVerts[1].Tv = 0.0f;
bottomVerts[2].Position = new Vector3(xWidth, minHeight - 5.0f, yHeight);
bottomVerts[2].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
bottomVerts[2].Tu = 20.0f;
bottomVerts[2].Tv = 0.0f;
bottomVerts[3].Position = new Vector3(0.0f, minHeight - 5.0f, 0.0f);
bottomVerts[3].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
bottomVerts[3].Tu = 0.0f;
bottomVerts[3].Tv = 20.0f;
bottomVerts[4].Position = new Vector3(xWidth, minHeight - 5.0f, yHeight);
bottomVerts[4].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
bottomVerts[4].Tu = 20.0f;
bottomVerts[4].Tv = 0.0f;
bottomVerts[5].Position = new Vector3(xWidth, minHeight - 5.0f, 0.0f);
bottomVerts[5].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
bottomVerts[5].Tu = 20.0f;
bottomVerts[5].Tv = 20.0f;
bottomVertexBuffer.Unlock();
}
剩下的问题就是如何封闭底部的四面高度差，方法也很简单，可以一面一面地进行。以下图为例：
对于一张BMP格式的位图，将其划分为xCount*yCount个单元，每个单元的宽度为cellWidth，高度为cellHeight，则cellWidth=Width/xCount，cellHeight=Height/yCount。要想封住其四个边的高度差，以沿X轴方向的边缘高度差面为例，需要声明2(xCount+1)个顶点来记录相应的坐标值。其中xCount+1个点落在与X轴平行的那个边上，这些点都是Vector3类型的，这些点的Y坐标为底部平面的Y值，是一个定值，X坐标依次为每一个像素点单元所在的X坐标，Z坐标就是0。剩下的xCount+1个顶点则为X轴边缘高度差面与三维立体图的交点，即高度方向纵切图与上顶面的交点，该交点的Y坐标就是相应的像素点的高度值，X坐标依次为每一个像素点单元所在的X坐标，Z坐标也是0.其定义实现如下：
float minY = GetMinHeight(bitmapPath) - 5.0f;
borderVertexBuffer1 = new VertexBuffer(typeof(CustomVertex.PositionColored),
2 * (xCount + 1),//四周的一个面封闭总共所需要的顶点的数目
device,
Usage.Dynamic | Usage.WriteOnly,
CustomVertex.PositionColored.Format,
Pool.Default);
borderVertices1 = new CustomVertex.PositionColored[2 * (xCount + 1)];//定义顶点
int k;
for (k = 0; k < xCount + 1; k++)//X轴上的点的定义
{
borderVertices1[k].Position = new Vector3(k * cellWidth, minY, 0.0f);
borderVertices1[k].Color = System.Drawing.Color.Aqua.ToArgb();
}
for (; k < 2 * (xCount + 1); k++)//高程图上的边界点的定义
{
Color color = bitmap.GetPixel((int)((k - xCount - 1) * cellWidth), 0);
float height = float.Parse(color.R.ToString()) + float.Parse(color.G.ToString()) + float.Parse(color.B.ToString());
height /= 10;
borderVertices1[k].Position = new Vector3((k - xCount - 1) * cellWidth, height, 0);//i * cellHeight=0
borderVertices1[k].Color = System.Drawing.Color.Aqua.ToArgb();
}
borderVertexBuffer1.SetData(borderVertices1, 0, LockFlags.None);
这2(xCount+1)个顶点可以形成xCount个小矩形，每个矩形可以分为2个小三角形，每个小三角形可以由3个顶点来绘制，为了加快绘制的速度，可以考虑用顶点索引来完成。声明一个顶点索引数组，其大小为2*3*xCount*1.这个顶点索引数组依次记录了要绘制的三角形的顶点的编号。如下图所示：
所以对于沿X轴方向的边缘高度差面的绘制就是如何绘制这些顶点三角形。其绘制顺序如下：
(V[0],V[1],V[xCount+1]), (V[1],V[xCount+1],V[xCount+2]),…,
(V[xCount],V[2*(xCount+1)-2],V[2*(xCount+1)-1])。
很有规律性，用一个for循环就可以搞定，其定义实现如下：
borderIndexBuffer1 = new IndexBuffer(typeof(int),
6 * xCount * 1,
device,
Usage.WriteOnly,
Pool.Default);
borderIndices1 = new int[6 * xCount * 1];//初始化索引顶点
for (int j = 0; j < xCount; j++)
{
borderIndices1[6 * (j)] = j;
borderIndices1[6 * (j) + 1] = j + (xCount + 1);
borderIndices1[6 * (j) + 2] = j + 1;
borderIndices1[6 * (j) + 3] = j + 1;
borderIndices1[6 * (j) + 4] = j + (xCount + 1);
borderIndices1[6 * (j) + 5] = j + (xCount + 1) + 1;
}
borderIndexBuffer1.SetData(borderIndices1, 0, LockFlags.None);
渲染的时候直接调用DrawIndexedPrimitives即可。
/*第1个边界三角形*/
device.SetStreamSource(0, borderVertexBuffer1, 0);
device.VertexFormat = CustomVertex.PositionColored.Format;
device.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, 2 * (xCount + 1), 0, borderIndices1.Length / 3);
同理其他3个边缘高度差面的绘制类似。下面贴上几张效果图：
P.S.附上主界面工程的代码：
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using Microsoft.DirectX;
using Microsoft.DirectX.Direct3D;
namespace 高程图01
{
public partial class MainForm : Form
{
private Device device = null;//定义绘图设备
bool pause = false;
public Vector3 CamPostion = new Vector3(0, 100, 100);//定义摄像机位置
public Vector3 CamTarget = new Vector3(125, 30, 125);//定义摄像机目标位置
private float angleY = 0.01f;//定义绕Y轴旋转变量
private int mouseLastX, mouseLastY;//记录鼠标按下时的坐标位置
private bool isRotateByMouse = false;//记录是否由鼠标控制旋转
private bool isMoveByMouse = false;//记录是否由鼠标控制移动
private CustomVertex.PositionTextured[] vertices;//定义顶点变量
private Texture texture;//定义贴图变量
private Material material;//定义材质变量
private VertexBuffer vertexBuffer;//定义顶点缓冲变量
private IndexBuffer indexBuffer;//定义索引缓冲变量
private int[] indices;//定义索引号变量
private int xCount = 5, yCount = 4;//定义横向和纵向网格数目
private float cellHeight = 1f, cellWidth = 1f;//定义单元的宽度和长度
Material bottomMaterial;//底部材质变量
Texture bottomTexture;//底部纹理变量
VertexBuffer bottomVertexBuffer = null;//保存建立底部正方形的顶点
private VertexBuffer borderVertexBuffer1 = null;
private CustomVertex.PositionColored[] borderVertices1;//定义顶点变量
private IndexBuffer borderIndexBuffer1;//定义四周顶点索引缓冲变量
private int[] borderIndices1;//定义四周顶点的索引号变量
private VertexBuffer borderVertexBuffer2 = null;
private CustomVertex.PositionColored[] borderVertices2;//定义顶点变量
private IndexBuffer borderIndexBuffer2;//定义四周顶点索引缓冲变量
private int[] borderIndices2;//定义四周顶点的索引号变量
private VertexBuffer borderVertexBuffer3 = null;
private CustomVertex.PositionColored[] borderVertices3;//定义顶点变量
private IndexBuffer borderIndexBuffer3;//定义四周顶点索引缓冲变量
private int[] borderIndices3;//定义四周顶点的索引号变量
private VertexBuffer borderVertexBuffer4 = null;
private CustomVertex.PositionColored[] borderVertices4;//定义顶点变量
private IndexBuffer borderIndexBuffer4;//定义四周顶点索引缓冲变量
private int[] borderIndices4;//定义四周顶点的索引号变量
public MainForm()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
public bool InitializeDirect3D()
{
try
{
PresentParameters presentParams = new PresentParameters();
presentParams.Windowed = true; //指定以Windows窗体形式显示
presentParams.SwapEffect = SwapEffect.Discard; //当前屏幕绘制后它将自动从内存中删除
presentParams.AutoDepthStencilFormat = DepthFormat.D16;
presentParams.EnableAutoDepthStencil = true;
presentParams.PresentationInterval = PresentInterval.Immediate;
device = new Device(0, DeviceType.Hardware, this, CreateFlags.SoftwareVertexProcessing, presentParams); //实例化device对象
device.DeviceReset += new System.EventHandler(this.OnResetDevice);
this.OnCreateDevice(device, null);
this.OnResetDevice(device, null);
}
catch (DirectXException e)
{
MessageBox.Show(e.ToString(), "Error"); //处理异常
return false;
}
return true;
}
//导入贴图和材质
public void OnCreateDevice(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Device device = (Device)sender;
material = new Material();
material.Diffuse = Color.White;
material.Specular = Color.LightGray;
material.SpecularSharpness = 15.0F;
device.Material = material;
texture = TextureLoader.FromFile(device, @"F:\\workdir\\VC# Based DirectX\\texture.jpg");
//底部材料和贴图
bottomMaterial = new Material();
bottomMaterial.Ambient = Color.FromArgb(200, 255, 255, 255);
bottomMaterial.Diffuse = Color.FromArgb(200, 255, 255, 255);
bottomTexture = TextureLoader.FromFile(device,@"..\..\..\p1.bmp");
bottomVertexBuffer = new VertexBuffer(typeof(CustomVertex.PositionNormalTextured), 6, device, 0, CustomVertex.PositionNormalTextured.Format, Pool.Default);
bottomVertexBuffer.Created += new System.EventHandler(this.OnCreateBottomVertexBuffer);
this.OnCreateBottomVertexBuffer(device, null);
}
//底部顶点
public void OnCreateBottomVertexBuffer(object sender,EventArgs e)
{
CustomVertex.PositionNormalTextured[] bottomVerts = (CustomVertex.PositionNormalTextured[])bottomVertexBuffer.Lock(0, 0);//绘制底面正方形的6个顶点
string bitmapPath = @"F:\\workdir\\VC# Based DirectX\\height.BMP";
float minHeight = GetMinHeight(bitmapPath);
float xWidth = GetBitMapWidth(bitmapPath);
float yHeight = GetBitMapHeight(bitmapPath);
bottomVerts[0].Position = new Vector3(0.0f, minHeight-5.0f, 0.0f);
bottomVerts[0].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
bottomVerts[0].Tu = 0.0f;//顶点0纹理坐标Tu
bottomVerts[0].Tv = 20.0f;//纹理图片沿Y轴方向重复贴图20次
bottomVerts[1].Position = new Vector3(0.0f, minHeight - 5.0f, yHeight);
bottomVerts[1].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
bottomVerts[1].Tu = 0.0f;
bottomVerts[1].Tv = 0.0f;
bottomVerts[2].Position = new Vector3(xWidth, minHeight - 5.0f, yHeight);
bottomVerts[2].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
bottomVerts[2].Tu = 20.0f;
bottomVerts[2].Tv = 0.0f;
bottomVerts[3].Position = new Vector3(0.0f, minHeight - 5.0f, 0.0f);
bottomVerts[3].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
bottomVerts[3].Tu = 0.0f;
bottomVerts[3].Tv = 20.0f;
bottomVerts[4].Position = new Vector3(xWidth, minHeight - 5.0f, yHeight);
bottomVerts[4].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
bottomVerts[4].Tu = 20.0f;
bottomVerts[4].Tv = 0.0f;
bottomVerts[5].Position = new Vector3(xWidth, minHeight - 5.0f, 0.0f);
bottomVerts[5].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
bottomVerts[5].Tu = 20.0f;
bottomVerts[5].Tv = 20.0f;
bottomVertexBuffer.Unlock();
}
//避免精度损失
public float GetBitMapHeight(string bitmapPath)
{
Bitmap bitmap = new Bitmap(bitmapPath);
xCount = (bitmap.Width - 1) / 2;
yCount = (bitmap.Height - 1) / 2;
cellWidth = bitmap.Width / xCount;
cellHeight = bitmap.Height / yCount;
return (float)(yCount * cellHeight);
}
//避免精度损失
public float GetBitMapWidth(string bitmapPath)
{
Bitmap bitmap = new Bitmap(bitmapPath);
xCount = (bitmap.Width - 1) / 2;
yCount = (bitmap.Height - 1) / 2;
cellWidth = bitmap.Width / xCount;
cellHeight = bitmap.Height / yCount;
return (float)(xCount*cellWidth);
}
//获得高度图Y方向上的最小高度值
public float GetMinHeight(string bitmapPath)
{
float minHeight = 65535.0f;
Bitmap bitmap = new Bitmap(bitmapPath);
xCount = (bitmap.Width - 1) / 2;
yCount = (bitmap.Height - 1) / 2;
cellWidth = bitmap.Width / xCount;
cellHeight = bitmap.Height / yCount;
for(int i=0;i<yCount+1;i++)
for(int j=0;j<xCount+1;j++)
{
Color color = bitmap.GetPixel((int)(j * cellWidth), (int)(i * cellHeight));
float height = float.Parse(color.R.ToString()) +
float.Parse(color.G.ToString()) + float.Parse(color.B.ToString());
height /= 10;
if (height < minHeight)
minHeight = height;
}
return minHeight;
}
/**
* 通过Bitmap类获得BMP图片对象，然后根据其Width属性和Height属性设置生成三角网中横向和纵向单元数，
* 同时设置单元尺寸，在设置高程值中通过获取图片中相应位置的颜色值，
* 然后通过一个相对比例得到一个相对的高程值，最后将该值赋予定义的顶点坐标值
*/
public void OnResetDevice(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Device device = (Device)sender;
device.RenderState.ZBufferEnable = true;//允许使用深度测试
//device.RenderState.Ambient = Color.Black;//环境光为黑色
string bitmapPath = @"F:\\workdir\\VC# Based DirectX\\height.BMP";
Bitmap bitmap = new Bitmap(bitmapPath);
xCount = (bitmap.Width - 1) / 2;
yCount = (bitmap.Height - 1) / 2;
cellWidth = bitmap.Width / xCount;
cellHeight = bitmap.Height / yCount;
vertexBuffer = new VertexBuffer(typeof(CustomVertex.PositionTextured),
(xCount + 1) * (yCount + 1),
device,
Usage.Dynamic | Usage.WriteOnly,
CustomVertex.PositionColored.Format,
Pool.Default);
vertices = new CustomVertex.PositionTextured[(xCount + 1) * (yCount + 1)];//定义顶点
for (int i = 0; i < yCount + 1; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < xCount + 1; j++)
{
Color color = bitmap.GetPixel((int)(j * cellWidth), (int)(i * cellHeight));
float height = float.Parse(color.R.ToString()) + float.Parse(color.G.ToString()) + float.Parse(color.B.ToString());
height /= 10;
vertices[j + i * (xCount + 1)].Position = new Vector3(j * cellWidth, height, i * cellHeight);
vertices[j + i * (xCount + 1)].Tu = (float)j / (xCount + 1);
vertices[j + i * (xCount + 1)].Tv = (float)i / (yCount + 1);
}
}
vertexBuffer.SetData(vertices, 0, LockFlags.None);
/*为了使得摄像机目标位于图片中间，可以设置摄像机目标位置于图片中心位置*/
CamTarget = new Vector3(bitmap.Width / 2, 0f, bitmap.Height / 2);//设置摄像机目标位置
indexBuffer = new IndexBuffer(typeof(int), 6 * xCount * yCount, device, Usage.WriteOnly, Pool.Default);
indices = new int[6 * xCount * yCount];
for (int i = 0; i < yCount; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < xCount; j++)
{
indices[6 * (j + i * xCount)] = j + i * (xCount + 1);
indices[6 * (j + i * xCount) + 1] = j + (i + 1) * (xCount + 1);
indices[6 * (j + i * xCount) + 2] = j + i * (xCount + 1) + 1;
indices[6 * (j + i * xCount) + 3] = j + i * (xCount + 1) + 1;
indices[6 * (j + i * xCount) + 4] = j + (i + 1) * (xCount + 1);
indices[6 * (j + i * xCount) + 5] = j + (i + 1) * (xCount + 1) + 1;
}
}
indexBuffer.SetData(indices, 0, LockFlags.None);
/*******第1个边界********/
float minY = GetMinHeight(bitmapPath) - 5.0f;
borderVertexBuffer1 = new VertexBuffer(typeof(CustomVertex.PositionColored),
2 * (xCount + 1),//四周的一个面封闭总共所需要的顶点的数目
device,
Usage.Dynamic | Usage.WriteOnly,
CustomVertex.PositionColored.Format,
Pool.Default);
borderVertices1 = new CustomVertex.PositionColored[2 * (xCount + 1)];//定义顶点
int k;
for (k = 0; k < xCount + 1; k++)//X轴上的点的定义
{
borderVertices1[k].Position = new Vector3(k * cellWidth, minY, 0.0f);
borderVertices1[k].Color = System.Drawing.Color.Aqua.ToArgb();
}
for (; k < 2 * (xCount + 1); k++)//高程图上的边界点的定义
{
Color color = bitmap.GetPixel((int)((k - xCount - 1) * cellWidth), 0);
float height = float.Parse(color.R.ToString()) + float.Parse(color.G.ToString()) + float.Parse(color.B.ToString());
height /= 10;
borderVertices1[k].Position = new Vector3((k - xCount - 1) * cellWidth, height, 0);//i * cellHeight=0
borderVertices1[k].Color = System.Drawing.Color.Aqua.ToArgb();
}
borderVertexBuffer1.SetData(borderVertices1, 0, LockFlags.None);
borderIndexBuffer1 = new IndexBuffer(typeof(int),
6 * xCount * 1,
device,
Usage.WriteOnly,
Pool.Default);
borderIndices1 = new int[6 * xCount * 1];//初始化索引顶点
for (int j = 0; j < xCount; j++)
{
borderIndices1[6 * (j)] = j;
borderIndices1[6 * (j) + 1] = j + (xCount + 1);
borderIndices1[6 * (j) + 2] = j + 1;
borderIndices1[6 * (j) + 3] = j + 1;
borderIndices1[6 * (j) + 4] = j + (xCount + 1);
borderIndices1[6 * (j) + 5] = j + (xCount + 1) + 1;
}
borderIndexBuffer1.SetData(borderIndices1, 0, LockFlags.None);
/**第2个四周边界**/
borderVertexBuffer2 = new VertexBuffer(typeof(CustomVertex.PositionColored),
2 * (xCount + 1),//四周的一个面封闭总共所需要的顶点的数目
device,
Usage.Dynamic | Usage.WriteOnly,
CustomVertex.PositionColored.Format,
Pool.Default);
borderVertices2 = new CustomVertex.PositionColored[2 * (xCount + 1)];//定义顶点
for (k = 0; k < xCount + 1; k++)//X轴平行方向上的点的定义
{
borderVertices2[k].Position = new Vector3(k * cellWidth, minY, yCount*cellHeight);
borderVertices2[k].Color = System.Drawing.Color.Aqua.ToArgb();
}
for (; k < 2 * (xCount + 1); k++)//高程图上的边界点的定义
{
Color color = bitmap.GetPixel((int)((k - xCount - 1) * cellWidth), (int)(yCount*cellHeight));//不能直接写死
float height = float.Parse(color.R.ToString()) + float.Parse(color.G.ToString()) + float.Parse(color.B.ToString());
height /= 10;
borderVertices2[k].Position = new Vector3((k - xCount - 1) * cellWidth, height, yCount * cellHeight);
borderVertices2[k].Color = System.Drawing.Color.Aqua.ToArgb();
}
borderVertexBuffer2.SetData(borderVertices2, 0, LockFlags.None);
borderIndexBuffer2 = new IndexBuffer(typeof(int),
6 * xCount * 1,
device,
Usage.WriteOnly,
Pool.Default);
borderIndices2 = new int[6 * xCount * 1];//初始化索引顶点
for (int j = 0; j < xCount; j++)
{
borderIndices2[6 * (j)] = j;
borderIndices2[6 * (j) + 1] = j + (xCount + 1);
borderIndices2[6 * (j) + 2] = j + 1;
borderIndices2[6 * (j) + 3] = j + 1;
borderIndices2[6 * (j) + 4] = j + (xCount + 1);
borderIndices2[6 * (j) + 5] = j + (xCount + 1) + 1;
}
borderIndexBuffer2.SetData(borderIndices2, 0, LockFlags.None);
/**第3个四周边界**/
borderVertexBuffer3 = new VertexBuffer(typeof(CustomVertex.PositionColored),
2 * (yCount + 1),//四周的一个面封闭总共所需要的顶点的数目
device,
Usage.Dynamic | Usage.WriteOnly,
CustomVertex.PositionColored.Format,
Pool.Default);
borderVertices3 = new CustomVertex.PositionColored[2 * (yCount + 1)];//定义顶点
for (k = 0; k < yCount + 1; k++)//Z轴平行方向上的点的定义
{
borderVertices3[k].Position = new Vector3(0, minY, k * cellHeight);
borderVertices3[k].Color = System.Drawing.Color.Aqua.ToArgb();
}
for (; k < 2 * (yCount + 1); k++)//高程图上的边界点的定义
{
Color color = bitmap.GetPixel(0, (int)((k - xCount - 1) * cellHeight));//边界点不能直接传进去写死，容易产生溢出的异常
float height = float.Parse(color.R.ToString()) + float.Parse(color.G.ToString()) + float.Parse(color.B.ToString());
height /= 10;
borderVertices3[k].Position = new Vector3(0, height, (k - xCount - 1) * cellHeight);//i * cellHeight=0
borderVertices3[k].Color = System.Drawing.Color.Aqua.ToArgb();
}
borderVertexBuffer3.SetData(borderVertices3, 0, LockFlags.None);
borderIndexBuffer3 = new IndexBuffer(typeof(int),
6 * yCount * 1,
device,
Usage.WriteOnly,
Pool.Default);
borderIndices3 = new int[6 * yCount * 1];//初始化索引顶点
for (int j = 0; j < yCount; j++)
{
borderIndices3[6 * (j)] = j;
borderIndices3[6 * (j) + 1] = j + (yCount + 1);
borderIndices3[6 * (j) + 2] = j + 1;
borderIndices3[6 * (j) + 3] = j + 1;
borderIndices3[6 * (j) + 4] = j + (yCount + 1);
borderIndices3[6 * (j) + 5] = j + (yCount + 1) + 1;
}
borderIndexBuffer3.SetData(borderIndices3, 0, LockFlags.None);
/**第4个四周边界**/
borderVertexBuffer4 = new VertexBuffer(typeof(CustomVertex.PositionColored),
2 * (yCount + 1),//四周的一个面封闭总共所需要的顶点的数目
device,
Usage.Dynamic | Usage.WriteOnly,
CustomVertex.PositionColored.Format,
Pool.Default);
borderVertices4 = new CustomVertex.PositionColored[2 * (yCount + 1)];//定义顶点
for (k = 0; k < yCount + 1; k++)//Z轴平行方向上的点的定义
{
borderVertices4[k].Position = new Vector3(xCount*cellWidth, minY, k * cellHeight);
borderVertices4[k].Color = System.Drawing.Color.Aqua.ToArgb();
}
for (; k < 2 * (yCount + 1); k++)//高程图上的边界点的定义
{
Color color = bitmap.GetPixel((int)(xCount * cellWidth), (int)((k - xCount - 1) * cellHeight));//边界点不能直接传进去写死，容易产生溢出的异常
float height = float.Parse(color.R.ToString()) + float.Parse(color.G.ToString()) + float.Parse(color.B.ToString());
height /= 10;
borderVertices4[k].Position = new Vector3(xCount * cellWidth, height, (k - xCount - 1) * cellHeight);//i * cellHeight=0
borderVertices4[k].Color = System.Drawing.Color.Aqua.ToArgb();
}
borderVertexBuffer4.SetData(borderVertices4, 0, LockFlags.None);
borderIndexBuffer4 = new IndexBuffer(typeof(int),
6 * yCount * 1,
device,
Usage.WriteOnly,
Pool.Default);
borderIndices4 = new int[6 * yCount * 1];//初始化索引顶点
for (int j = 0; j < yCount; j++)
{
borderIndices4[6 * (j)] = j;
borderIndices4[6 * (j) + 1] = j + (yCount + 1);
borderIndices4[6 * (j) + 2] = j + 1;
borderIndices4[6 * (j) + 3] = j + 1;
borderIndices4[6 * (j) + 4] = j + (yCount + 1);
borderIndices4[6 * (j) + 5] = j + (yCount + 1) + 1;
}
borderIndexBuffer4.SetData(borderIndices4, 0, LockFlags.None);
device.SamplerState[0].MagFilter = TextureFilter.Linear;//使用纹理滤波器进行线性滤波
}
public void Render()//渲染
{
if (device == null) //如果device为空则不渲染
return;
if (pause) //如果窗口被切换或者最小化则停止渲染，减少CPU压力
return;
Matrix viewMatrix = Matrix.LookAtLH(CamPostion, CamTarget, new Vector3(0, 1, 0));
device.Transform.Projection = Matrix.PerspectiveFovLH((float)Math.PI / 4, this.Width / this.Height, 0.3f, 500f);
device.Transform.View = viewMatrix;
device.Clear(ClearFlags.Target | ClearFlags.ZBuffer, Color.DarkSlateBlue, 1.0f, 0); //清除windows界面为深蓝色
device.BeginScene();
//在此添加渲染图形代码
device.RenderState.CullMode = Cull.None;
device.RenderState.FillMode = FillMode.Solid;
device.RenderState.Lighting = false;
device.SetTexture(0, texture);//设置贴图
device.VertexFormat = CustomVertex.PositionTextured.Format;
device.SetStreamSource(0, vertexBuffer, 0);
device.Indices = indexBuffer;
device.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, (xCount + 1) * (yCount + 1), 0, indices.Length / 3);
device.Transform.World = Matrix.Translation(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);//底部世界变换
device.Material = bottomMaterial;//底部使用的材质
StateBlock sb = new StateBlock(device, StateBlockType.All);
sb.Capture();//将device以前的设置保存到sb
device.RenderState.DiffuseMaterialSource = ColorSource.Material;
device.RenderState.AlphaBlendEnable = true;
device.SetTexture(0, bottomTexture);
device.TextureState[0].ColorOperation = TextureOperation.Modulate;
device.TextureState[0].ColorArgument1 = TextureArgument.TextureColor;
device.TextureState[0].ColorArgument2 = TextureArgument.Diffuse;
device.TextureState[0].AlphaOperation = TextureOperation.Modulate;
device.TextureState[0].AlphaArgument1 = TextureArgument.TextureColor;
device.TextureState[0].AlphaArgument2 = TextureArgument.Diffuse;
device.RenderState.SourceBlend = Blend.SourceColor;
device.RenderState.DestinationBlend = Blend.InvSourceAlpha;
device.SetStreamSource(0, bottomVertexBuffer, 0);
device.VertexFormat = CustomVertex.PositionNormalTextured.Format;
device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 2);
sb.Apply();
/*第1个边界三角形*/
device.SetStreamSource(0, borderVertexBuffer1, 0);
device.VertexFormat = CustomVertex.PositionColored.Format;
device.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, 2 * (xCount + 1), 0, borderIndices1.Length / 3);
/*第2个边界三角形*/
device.SetStreamSource(0, borderVertexBuffer2, 0);
device.VertexFormat = CustomVertex.PositionColored.Format;
device.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, 2 * (xCount + 1), 0, borderIndices2.Length / 3);
/*第3个边界三角形*/
device.SetStreamSource(0, borderVertexBuffer3, 0);
device.VertexFormat = CustomVertex.PositionColored.Format;
device.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, 2 * (yCount + 1), 0, borderIndices3.Length / 3);
/*第4个边界三角形*/
device.SetStreamSource(0, borderVertexBuffer4, 0);
device.VertexFormat = CustomVertex.PositionColored.Format;
device.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, 2 * (yCount + 1), 0, borderIndices4.Length / 3);
device.EndScene();
device.Present();
}
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
InitializeDirect3D();
this.Show();
Render();
}
private void OnKeyDown(object sender, KeyEventArgs e)
{
Vector4 tempV4;
Matrix currentView = device.Transform.View;//当前摄像机的视图矩阵
switch (e.KeyCode)
{
case Keys.Left:
CamPostion.Subtract(CamTarget);
tempV4 = Vector3.Transform(CamPostion, Matrix.RotationQuaternion(
Quaternion.RotationAxis(new Vector3(currentView.M12, currentView.M22, currentView.M32), -angleY)));
CamPostion.X = tempV4.X + CamTarget.X;
CamPostion.Y = tempV4.Y + CamTarget.Y;
CamPostion.Z = tempV4.Z + CamTarget.Z;
break;
case Keys.Right:
CamPostion.Subtract(CamTarget);
tempV4 = Vector3.Transform(CamPostion, Matrix.RotationQuaternion(
Quaternion.RotationAxis(new Vector3(currentView.M12, currentView.M22, currentView.M32), angleY)));
CamPostion.X = tempV4.X + CamTarget.X;
CamPostion.Y = tempV4.Y + CamTarget.Y;
CamPostion.Z = tempV4.Z + CamTarget.Z;
break;
case Keys.Up:
CamPostion.Subtract(CamTarget);
tempV4 = Vector3.Transform(CamPostion, Matrix.RotationQuaternion(
Quaternion.RotationAxis(new Vector3(device.Transform.View.M11
, device.Transform.View.M21, device.Transform.View.M31), -angleY)));
CamPostion.X = tempV4.X + CamTarget.X;
CamPostion.Y = tempV4.Y + CamTarget.Y;
CamPostion.Z = tempV4.Z + CamTarget.Z;
break;
case Keys.Down:
CamPostion.Subtract(CamTarget);
tempV4 = Vector3.Transform(CamPostion, Matrix.RotationQuaternion(
Quaternion.RotationAxis(new Vector3(device.Transform.View.M11
, device.Transform.View.M21, device.Transform.View.M31), angleY)));
CamPostion.X = tempV4.X + CamTarget.X;
CamPostion.Y = tempV4.Y + CamTarget.Y;
CamPostion.Z = tempV4.Z + CamTarget.Z;
break;
case Keys.Add:
CamPostion.Subtract(CamTarget);
CamPostion.Scale(0.95f);
CamPostion.Add(CamTarget);
break;
case Keys.Subtract:
CamPostion.Subtract(CamTarget);
CamPostion.Scale(1.05f);
CamPostion.Add(CamTarget);
break;
}
Matrix viewMatrix = Matrix.LookAtLH(CamPostion, CamTarget, new Vector3(0, 1, 0));
device.Transform.View = viewMatrix;
Render();
}
private void Form1_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e)
{
this.Render();
}
private void OnMouseDown(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Left)
{
mouseLastX = e.X;
mouseLastY = e.Y;
isRotateByMouse = true;
}
else if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Middle)
{
mouseLastX = e.X;
mouseLastY = e.Y;
isMoveByMouse = true;
}
}
private void OnMouseUp(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
isRotateByMouse = false;
isMoveByMouse = false;
}
private void OnMouseMove(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
if (isRotateByMouse)
{
Matrix currentView = device.Transform.View;//当前摄像机的视图矩阵
float tempAngleY = 2 * (float)(e.X - mouseLastX) / this.Width;
CamPostion.Subtract(CamTarget);
Vector4 tempV4 = Vector3.Transform(CamPostion, Matrix.RotationQuaternion(
Quaternion.RotationAxis(new Vector3(currentView.M12, currentView.M22, currentView.M32), tempAngleY)));
CamPostion.X = tempV4.X;
CamPostion.Y = tempV4.Y;
CamPostion.Z = tempV4.Z;
float tempAngleX = 4 * (float)(e.Y - mouseLastY) / this.Height;
tempV4 = Vector3.Transform(CamPostion, Matrix.RotationQuaternion(
Quaternion.RotationAxis(new Vector3(currentView.M11, currentView.M21, currentView.M31), tempAngleX)));
CamPostion.X = tempV4.X + CamTarget.X;
CamPostion.Y = tempV4.Y + CamTarget.Y;
CamPostion.Z = tempV4.Z + CamTarget.Z;
Matrix viewMatrix = Matrix.LookAtLH(CamPostion, CamTarget, new Vector3(0, 1, 0));
device.Transform.View = viewMatrix;
mouseLastX = e.X;
mouseLastY = e.Y;
Render();
}
else if (isMoveByMouse)
{
Matrix currentView = device.Transform.View;//当前摄像机的视图矩阵
float moveFactor = 0.01f;
CamTarget.X += -moveFactor * ((e.X - mouseLastX) * currentView.M11 - (e.Y - mouseLastY) * currentView.M12);
CamTarget.Y += -moveFactor * ((e.X - mouseLastX) * currentView.M21 - (e.Y - mouseLastY) * currentView.M22);
CamTarget.Z += -moveFactor * ((e.X - mouseLastX) * currentView.M31 - (e.Y - mouseLastY) * currentView.M32);
CamPostion.X += -moveFactor * ((e.X - mouseLastX) * currentView.M11 - (e.Y - mouseLastY) * currentView.M12);
CamPostion.Y += -moveFactor * ((e.X - mouseLastX) * currentView.M21 - (e.Y - mouseLastY) * currentView.M22);
CamPostion.Z += -moveFactor * ((e.X - mouseLastX) * currentView.M31 - (e.Y - mouseLastY) * currentView.M32);
Matrix viewMatrix = Matrix.LookAtLH(CamPostion, CamTarget, new Vector3(0, 1, 0));
device.Transform.View = viewMatrix;
mouseLastX = e.X;
mouseLastY = e.Y;
Render();
}
}
private void OnMouseWheel(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
float scaleFactor = -(float)e.Delta / 2000 + 1f;
CamPostion.Subtract(CamTarget);
CamPostion.Scale(scaleFactor);
CamPostion.Add(CamTarget);
Matrix viewMatrix = Matrix.LookAtLH(CamPostion, CamTarget, new Vector3(0, 1, 0));
device.Transform.View = viewMatrix;
Render();
}
private void Form1_Resize(object sender, EventArgs e)//窗口切换时停止渲染
{
pause = ((this.WindowState == FormWindowState.Minimized) || !this.Visible);
}
}
}
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