人机交互的软件方法

12月29号考试需记忆

**人机交互的研究范围：

①
人机交互研究人、计算机、以及他们之间相互影响的一门学科。

②
人机交互是一门新兴的交叉学科，是计算机科学、心理学、认知科学、社会学和人因学等学科的交叉研究领域。

***人机交互的重要性

①
人机接口技术是计算机应用的核心技术，以用户为中心是下一代人机界面的设计思想。

②
软件研制中，人机界面的设计和开发在整个系统研制中所占比重较大，约占40%-60%

③
不同的人群对界面的要求不同。

***可用性3个指标

①
有效性

②
效率

③
主观满意度

***可用性的测试步骤

①
确定测试目标和测试计划

②
招募测试用户

③
开展测试

④
填写满意度问卷

⑤
进行测试后交流

***启发式评估的十条准则

①
提供显著的系统状态
(Visibility of system status)
The system should always keep users informed about what is going on,through appropriate feedback within reasonable time.

②
系统能符合用户习惯的显示惯例
Match between system and the real word
The system should speak the users’ language,with words,phrases and concepts familiar to the user,rather than system-oriented terms.Follow real-world conventions,making information appear in a natural and logical order.

③
让用户能随时退出操作进程
Users often choose system functions by mistake and will need a clearly marked “emergency exit” to leave the unwanted state without having to go through an extended dialogue.Support undo and redo.

④
保持一致性和标准性
Consistency and standards
Users should not have to wonder whether different words,situations ,or actions mean the same thing.Follow platform conventions.

⑤
预防错误的发生
Error prevention
Even better than good error messages is a careful design which prevents a problem from occurring in the first place.

⑥
提供上下文识别而不是孤立记忆
Recognition rather than recall
Minimize the user’s memory load by making objects ,actions,and options visible.The user should not have to remember information from one part of the dialogue to another.

⑦
使用的舒适性、高效性
Flexibility and efficiency of use
Accelerators – unseen by the novice user
may often speed up the interaction for the expert user such that the system can cater to both inexperience and experienced users.
Allow users to tailor frequent actions.
⑧
美观精练的设计
Aesthetic and minimalist design
Dialogues should not contain information which is irrelevant needed.
Every extra unit of information in a dialogue cpmpetes with the relevant units of information and diminishes their relative visibility.
⑨
帮助用户识别错误，分析，纠正错误
Help users recognize,diagnose,and recover from errors.
Error messages should be expressed in plain language(no codes)
,precisely indicate the problem,and constructively suggest a solution.

⑩
帮助文档使用手册
Help and documentation
Even though it is better if the system can be used without documentation,it may be necessary to provide help and documentation.
Any sunch information should be easy to search,focused on the user’s task,list concrete steps to be carried out,and not too large.

***为何要可用性测试

①
软件的可用性测试必不可少的一环

②
软件的可用性是从人的角度来看，软件系统是否高效，使人满意

术语解释（20分）

①
HCI:人机交互

②
Affordance：行为功能可视

③
UCD：用户为中心的设计

④
ACD：主动为中心的设计

⑤
Usability：可用性

⑥
Heuristic Evaluation：启发式评估

⑦
WIMP：窗口、菜单、图符、方法、选择规则

⑧
GOMS：目标，操作，方法，选择规则

⑨
UX/UE：user experience 用户体验

⑩
Sympathy：同理心